英汉词汇层面翻译的常用方法

1. 英译汉常用的方法和技巧

英译汉常用的方法和技巧

引导语：英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。

一、 词义的选择、引申和褒贬

1.一词多义(Polysemy)

regular

regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline

delicate

delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food

2.注意有线词的词义

He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.

3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)

1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept

His novel is a mirror of the times.

The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.

Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.

2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept

In two years, he was a national phenomenon.

Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.

Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.

4.词义的'褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)

The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; ring which he did not visit the house.

It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.

John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

5.Exercises

I have no opinion of that sort of man.

She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”

I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.

I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.

The picture flattered her.

The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.

二、 词类转译法

(一)转译成动词

(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)

My admiration for him grew more.

He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.

To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.

The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.

Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.

In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.

Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

I am no drinker, nor smoker.

The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor proctivity.

(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)

There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.

We are fortunate in our opponent.

Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.

The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.

I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.

Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.

“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)

He said the meeting was informative.

They were news-hungry.

It was a very informative meeting.

(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)

The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.

It has snowed over.

Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?

(二)转译成名词

(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)

She knows what’s what.

They thought differently.

TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.

He roared, which threatened his enemies away.

The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.

(2)形容词转译成名词

The new treaty would be good for ten years.

The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.

Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly indivialized.

Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.

(三)转译成形容词

名词转译成形容词

Their physical experiment was a success.

The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.

Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”

He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.

In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.

(四)其他词类转译

副词转译成名词

The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.

Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.

The image must be dimensionally correct.

三、被动语态的译法

(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句

1. He said the pact had now been reced to less than a shadow.

2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.

3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.

4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.

(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文

1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.

2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.

3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.

4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.

5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.

(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达

1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.

2. It should be understood that to err is human.

(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字

1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.

2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.

3. He was set upon by two naked men.

4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.

5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.

四、增词法

(一)名词、动名词前增补动词

1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.

2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.

(二)英语抽象名词的翻译

1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.

2. Many changes take place ring the transformation.

3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.

4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.

(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词

1. It was a Godsend to him.

2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.

(四)增添“概括”性的词

1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.

2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.

3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and ecation.

(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复

1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字

1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.

2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.

(七)增补量词

1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.

2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.

(八)增补表示复数含义的词

1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.

2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reced.

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2. 英语中的翻译技巧总结

英语中的翻译技巧总结

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导。

1了解汉英差异，知己知彼，译出地道译文

汉语重意合，以词组、散句和分句为手段，习惯按照时间、逻辑顺序进行横排式表述，其内部逻辑关系“含而不露”，甚至断句不严，外形松散，因此汉语常被称为时间型的动态结构，主要体现为形式自由、富于弹性。而英语则以“主—谓”的主干结构为中心来统领各语言成分，句界分明，外形严谨。因此，在汉译英时，译文在逻辑和形式上都应体现出英语的特点。

2熟知五大单句句型，理清句子主干和修饰成分

了解汉英差异后，考生应熟知英语中最基本的5大单句句型，它们分别是：

① S+V(主语+动词)S：主语

② S+V+C(主语+动词+补语)V：动词

③ S+V+O(主语+动词+宾语)O：宾语

④ S+V+O+O(主语+动词+宾语+宾语)C：补语

⑤ S+V+O+C(主语+动词+宾语+补语)

例子：

① John’s grandfather died yesterday. (约翰的祖父昨天去世了。)

② John’s grandfather is very handsome. (约翰的祖父很帅气。)

③ This killer killed John’s grandfather yesterday. (杀手昨天杀死了约翰的祖父。)

④ John’s grandfather gave him a dog. (约翰的祖父给他只狗。)

⑤ John’s grandfather called him a dog. (约翰的祖父骂他是只狗)

在汉译英时，不管汉语句子如何复杂，首先要考虑英语的基本组句框架。这些最基本的框架可以变换，可以组合，但不能突破。组织英语句子时，始终不能脱离 “主—谓”主干这一总框架，然后在进行相应的时态变化、语态变化、句式转换(肯定式、否定式、疑问式、强调句式及倒装句式等)，增加定语、状语修饰成分、插入语等。

3以意群为单位断句，巧妙处理长短句

考生在做汉译英时，当汉语句子由多个分句构成，且句意联系紧密时，应首先确立句子的主干及句型，其他分句以定语(从句)、状语(从句)、非谓语成分、介词词组、独立结构等成分表示;当汉语句子较长时，可以意群为单位进行断句，译成小短句，避免出错的同时确保译文言简意赅、层次分明。

4善用技巧，攻克词语翻译

1) 词义选择

所谓词义选择，是指词有多个意思，但是要求我们将其在特定场合的正确意思选出来。正确选词是保证译文质量的重要环节，如果能做到在词语意义和字面形式上都对等当然最好，如果不能兼顾，则取意义，舍形式。越是普通的词，越是拥有繁多的释义和搭配，翻译过程中的词义也就越难以确定。选词时，要注意词义的广狭、所处的语境、词的褒贬和感情色彩。

例如：

剪纸被用来装饰门窗和房间，以增加喜庆的气氛。 Paper cuttings are used to decorate doors, windows and rooms in order to enhance the joyous atmosphere.

“增加”在此处实际是“加强”的意思，而非我们平常所指的“数量增多”的含义，因此不宜译成increase，翻译为enhance更恰当。

2) 词类转换

词类转换是汉译英常用的一种手段。汉语具有动态性和具体性的特点，在语言运用上多用动词。英语则具有静态性和抽象性的特点，在语言使用上呈现出名词化和介词化倾向。在汉译英过程中，适当转换词性，可以使译文更符合英语的表达习惯。

① 动词→名词

汉语中动词使用比较频繁，而且汉语动词既没有时态变化的约束，也没有谓语动词和非谓语动词的形式之分，动词甚至可以充当句子的任何成分。然而，英语动词的使用则受到形态变化规则的严格限制。一个句子有且只有一个谓语动词，大量原本应该由动词表达的概念，常常需要借助于名词来表达，因为名词比较不受形态规则变化的束缚，使用起来相对灵活、方便。

例如：

吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。 You will be full of praise while eating the first two main courses.

英语中有大量抽象名词表示行为或动作意义。如advice, agreement, inheritance, knowledge, praise, use等。汉译英时，借助抽象名词表达特定的行为动作，译文也会显得更为地道。

② 动词→介词

介词与名词密切相关，英语名词的广泛使用使得介词也频繁出现。而且英语中有些介词本身是由动词演变而来的，具有动词的特征。因此，汉译英时，有些动词可以用介词短语来表达。

例如：

人们常用剪纸美化居家环境。 People often beautify their homes with paper cuttings.

③ 动词→形容词

汉语的一些动词也常常可以用英语的形容词来表达，这些形容词通常是与动词同源的词(如dreamful，doubtful，sympathetic等)，这样的译文有时比直接使用动词显得更地道、更标准。

例如：

在明朝和清朝时期(the Ming and Qing Dynasties)特别流行。 It was widespread particularly ring the Ming and Qing dynasties.

④ 形容词或副词→名词

由于语法结构和修辞的需要，汉语的形容词和副词也可以译为英语的名词。

例如：

……只有这些生灵自由自在地享受着这个黄昏。 …leaving these living things to enjoy this moment of sk with full ease and freedom.

⑤ 名词→动词

在有些情况下，汉语的名词可以用英语的动词来表达，此时汉语中修饰名词的形容词也随之改为英语中作状语使用的副词。

例如：

大自然对人的恩赐，无论贫富，一律平等。 People, poor or rich, are equally favored by nature.

3) 词的增补

① 语法需要

由于汉英两种语言的差异，汉译英时往往需要补充汉语原文为了语言简洁而省去的词语或没有的词类，以使译文符合英语语法的要求。增补的词多为冠词(英语所特有)、代词或名词(充当句子的主语、宾语、定语等成分)、连词和介词等。

例如：

农业社会的人比工业社会的人享受差得多，因此欲望也小得多。 People in the agriculture society enjoyed far less than people in the instry society, thus their desires are far less either.

英语中用得最多的介词有九个：at，by，for，from，in，of，on，to和with。这些介词是英语句子的重要纽带，在英语中起着极其重要的作用。汉译英时，要根据上下文搭配灵活地选择介词。

② 意思表达需要

例如：

这是黄河滩上的一幕。 This is a scene taking place on the shore of the Yellow River.

在翻译时，增译taking place短语，使译文表达更为生动贴切。

③ 文化背景解释的需要

中西文化差异的存在使得英语和汉语包含着许多文化色彩浓厚且不易被译文读者所理解的.词语。因此在翻译过程中需要使用增词译法，把相关文化背景知识翻译出来。

例如：

三个臭皮匠，胜过诸葛亮。 The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses that of Zhuge Liang， the master mind.

4) 词的减省

所谓词的减省，就是指翻译时，把原文中一些仅仅为了语法上的需要而存在的词、词组加以适当省略，从而达到译文通顺、意思完整及句子精练的目的。汉语中重复的部分可以是主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语等，在译成英语时需适当删减，以保持句子的通顺。例如：

于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。 Then happiness turns to anger, praise to scolding and nit-picking, and head-nodding to head-shaking.(删减重复的谓语动词)

5) 词的替代

重复是汉语常用的一种语篇衔接手段，虽然英语中也有重复，但多是利用词语的重复来体现语义强调或进行语言润色。汉语以重复见长，英语则以省略见长。故而在汉译英时，可采用替代的方法来避免重复。在英语中主要有三种替代现象：名词成分替代、谓语成分替代和分句替代。

5译后检查，调整语序

1) 定语的位置

汉语的定语常放在中心语前;而英语的定语位置分为两种：前置和后置。单词充当定语时通常放在被修饰的中心语之前;而短语和从句作定语则多放在所修饰的中心语之后。

2) 状语的位置

汉语常把状语放在被修饰的成分前面，但英语中状语的位置则分为几种情况：单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常前置;表示程度的状语修饰其他状语时，可前置或后置;单词作状语修饰动词时，多放在动词之后;短语或从句作状语时，可放在被修饰部分之前或之后。

3) 汉英叙事重心不同

汉语先叙事，然后表态或评论，以此来突出话题，这种句子被称为主题句。而英语则先表态或进行评论，而后再叙事，以突出主语。

4) 强弱词语的顺序不同

表示感情色彩的轻重、强弱时，汉语将重的内容、强的词语放在前面;英语将语义轻的内容、弱的词语放在前面，基本原则是前轻后重，前简后繁。

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3. 英语翻译的十大技巧

英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用 方法 上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。那么接下来给大家分享一些关于英语翻译的十大技巧，希望对大家有所帮助。

英语翻译的十大技巧

一、增译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的 思维方式 、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或 句子 ，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主句、被动语态或“There be…”结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。

二、省译法：这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目 标语 思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。

三、转换法：指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和 短语 。在句子成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。

四、拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多;英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。

五、正译法和反译法：这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。

六、倒置法：在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。

七、包孕法：这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖沓或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。

八、插入法：指把难以处理的句子成分用破折号、括号或前后逗号插入译句中。这种方法主要用于笔译中。偶尔也用于口译中，即用同位语、插入语或定语从句来处理一些解释性成分。

九、重组法：指在进行英译汉时，为了使译文流畅和更符合汉语叙事论理的习惯，在捋清英语长句的结构、弄懂英语原意的基础上，彻底摆脱原文语序和句子形式，对句子进行重新组合。

十、综合法：是指单用某种翻译技巧无法译出时，着眼篇章，以逻辑分析为基础，同时使用转换法、倒置法、增译法、省译法、拆句法等多种翻译技巧的方法。

如何 学习英语 翻译

一、翻译是把一种语言所承载的信息用另一种语言尽可能恰当而准确地表达出来的跨 文化 信息传递活动，其本质是信息传递。从形式上看，翻译活动的确需要涉及两种语言文字之间的转换，而在实质上，在翻译活动的过程中，两种语言文字本身的表现形式之间没有直接的对应关系，译者是信息传递者，其所从事的活动绝不是简单、机械的两种语言文字之间的对应转换，而是借助语言这个信息载体的转换而进行的跨文化信息传递活动。

译者的工作对象是具有不同文化传统背景的两种语言及其使用者。那么，我们这里所说的跨文化信息传递活动，就是指译者在翻译的过程中，通过原语解读作者寄载于原文的各种信息，并通过译语把原文所承载的各种信息传递给译语读者，也就是译者借助两种语言作为信息载体，把原语作者明确表达的和隐含其中的消息、思想、观点、意志、情感等各种信息传递给译语读者。

这个活动涉及三个主体：原语作者、原语读者/译者、译语读者(这里的原语作者、原语读者/译者、译语读者也分别指原语说话人、原语受话人/译者、译语受话人，以后不再赘述)。首先，原语作者作为信息传递者，将自己头脑中产生的信息，以符合原语文化传统规约的表达模式寄载于原语文字(有人认为，从广义上讲，这个过程也是一种翻译过程);第二，译者作为特殊的原语读者，即信息接收者，通过原语载体获取原语作者传递的信息;第三，译者作为信息传递者，将其从原文获取的信息以符合译语文化传统规约的表达模式寄载于译语文字;最后，译语读者通过译语载体获取原语作者传递的信息。

可以看出，翻译活动始终是围绕着跨文化信息传递这个中心来进行的。因此，要想学好英语翻译，了解翻译的信息传递本质，认识自己在翻译这个跨文化信息传递活动中的作用，至关重要。

二、翻译质量的优劣，取决于译者通过原语获取信息的能力和通过译语传递信息的能力。译者必须在充分而准确地理解并获取原文所承载的显性信息和各种隐性信息的基础上，尽可能恰当而准确地用译语将原语作者意欲表达的各种信息比较完整或曰忠实地传递给译语读者。虽然绝对意义上的“完整”或“忠实”往往是不可能实现的，但是尽可能减少信息衰减，尽可能避免不必要的信息冗余，是译者义不容辞的责任。

一般说来，原文作者在将信息寄载于原语文字时，总是会预设其确定的读者对象能够根据各种共有的知识和 经验 ，推理明了其意欲传递的信息，包括语言文字本身体现出的表层的显性信息和伴随的隐形信息。因此，译者作为一名特殊的读者，要想比较充分而准确地获取原文承载的各种信息，就应当注重知识和经验的积累，在翻译实践活动的过程中努力发挥相应的推理能力。

译者在将其从原语获取的各种信息寄载于译语时，需仔细分析两种语言载体在表达方式上的差异，避免受到两种语言文字表现形式本身的束缚，应根据具体情况，以信息传递为中心，在译文里对各种信息的比重进行恰当的调整，以便按照符合译语文化传统规约的表达方式，来确定译文中比较恰当的文字表现形式，来安排译文信息层次的顺序，使读者能够以最小的认知努力来获取最佳的语境效果，从而能够比较充分而准确地获取原文作者意欲表达的信息。

三、作为一名译者，应当自觉地培养自己的翻译意识。也就是说，译者应当在了解翻译的信息传递本质，熟悉翻译涉及到的两种语言信息传递机制的基本特征及本质性差异的前提下，通过翻译实践活动，有意识地去体会翻译，认识翻译，提高自己作为译者的自觉意识，从而在翻译实践活动的过程中能够做到心中有数，知道自己应该怎么做，为什么应该这么做，可以怎么做，为什么可以这么做。

英语翻译学习技巧

一. 翻译的技巧

没有技巧，只有一个熟字。华罗庚说过，“苦干猛干埋头干，熟能生出百巧来”。语法根基深厚，词汇量大，对专业词汇掌握得熟，自然就能驾轻就熟，怎么玩儿怎么转。简单地说，基本功扎实就是技巧。

二. 翻译中最重要的项目

语法、词汇和专业知识。语法是最重要的，初中和高中学到的核心的东西其实就是语法。如果语法不好，和老外交流可能会很顺畅，但是做翻译不行，翻译不仅要求能让读者明白意思，而且要专业，英孚英语这个必不可少。

三. 翻译中的语法

语法就是公式。为什么很多译员朋友喜欢做汉译英而不喜欢做英译汉?就是因为汉译英的有公式可套，英译汉的没有公式可套。

四. 评价一份稿件的翻译质量

1.符合逻辑;2.没有语法错误;3.专业知识无错误。做到了这三点，一篇译稿的质量就保证住了，如果对语言的驾驭能力强，文采飞扬，行云流水，那当然就最好不过了。

五.做到译文顺畅的方法

采取意译。有些译文读起来晦涩难懂，但参照原文却又找不出什么错误，这就是直译较多的缘故。直译会让人一读就知道这是一篇译稿，用行话说这叫翻译痕迹太重。

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4. 最常用的十大翻译技巧

最常用的十大翻译技巧

英汉两种语言在句法、词汇、修辞等方面均存在着很大的差异，因此在进行英汉互译时必然会遇到很多困难，需要有一定的翻译技巧作指导，才能做好翻译工作，那么具体有哪些技巧呢?

一、省译法

这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法，即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。

又如：

1.You will be staying in this hotel ring your visit in Beijing.

你在北京访问期间就住在这 家饭店里。(省译物主代词)

2.I hope you will enjoy your stay here.

希望您在这儿过得愉 快。(省译物主代词)

3.中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。

The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. (省译名词)

二、转换法

指翻译过程中为了使译文符合目标语的表述方式、方法和习惯而对原句中的词类、句型和 语态等进行转换。具体的说，就是在词性方面，把名词转换为代词、形容词、动词;把动词转换成名词、形容词、副词、介词;把形容词转换成副词和短语。在句子 成分方面，把主语变成状语、定语、宾语、表语;把谓语变成主语、定语、表语;把定语变成状语、主语;把宾语变成主语。在句型方面，把并列句变成复合句，把 复合句变成并列句，把状语从句变成定语从句。在语态方面，可以把主动语态变为被动语态。

如：

1.我们学院受教委和 市政府的双重领导。

Our institute is co-administrated by the States Ecation Commission and the municipal government. (名词转动词)

2.Too much exposure to TV programs will do great harm to the eyesight of children.

孩子们看电视过多会大大地损坏视力。(名词转动词)

3.由于我们实行了改革开放政策，我国的综合国力有了明显的增强。

Thanks to the introction of our reform and opening policy, our comprehensive national strength has greatly improved. (动词转名词)

4.I’m all for you opinion.

我完全赞成你的意见。(介词转动词)

5.The reform and opening policy is supported by the whole Chinese people.

改革开放政策受到了全中 国人民的拥护。(动词转名词)

6.In his article the author is critical of man’s negligence toward his environment.

作者在文章中，对人类疏忽 自身环境作了批评。(形容词转名词)

7.In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.

在有些欧洲国家里，人民 享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。(被动语态转主动语态)

8.时间不早了，我们回去吧!

We don’t have much time left. Let’s go back. (句型转换)

9.学生们都应该德、 智、体全面发展。

All the students should develop morally, intellectually and physically. (名词转副词)

三、增译法

指根据英汉 两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无 主句较多，而英语句子一般都要有主语，所以在翻译汉语无主句的时候，除了少数可用英语无主 句、被动语态或"There be…"结构来翻译以外，一般都要根据语境补出主语，使句子完整。英汉两种语言在名词、代词、连词、介词和冠词的使用方法上也存在很大差别。英语中代词使 用频率较高，凡说到人的器官和归某人所有的或与某人有关的事物时，必须在前面加上物主代词。因此，在汉译英时需要增补物主代词，而在英译汉时又需要根据情 况适当地删减。英语词与词、词组与词组以及句子与句子的逻辑关系一般用连词来表示，而汉语则往往通过上下文和语序来表示这种关系。因此，在汉译英时常常需 要增补连词。英语句子离不开介词和冠词。另外，在汉译英时还要注意增补一些原文中暗含而没有明言的词语和一些概括性、注释性的词语，以确保译文意思的完 整。总之，通过增译，一是保证译文语法结构的完整，二是保证译文意思的明确。

如：

1.What about calling him right away?

马上给他打个电话，你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语)

2.If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations.

要是我能看到四个现代化实 现该有多好啊!(增译主句)

3. Indeed, the reverse is true

实际情况恰好相反。(增 译名词)

4.就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。

Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights.(增译物主代词)

5.只许州官放火，不许 百姓点灯。

While the magistrates were free to burn down house, the common people were forbidden to light lamps. (增译连词)

6.这是我们两国人民的 又一个共同点。

This is yet another common point between the people of our two countries.(增译介词)

7.在人权领域，中国反对以大欺小、以强凌弱。

In the field of human rights, China opposes the practice of the big oppressing the small and the strong bullying the weak.(增译暗含词语)

8.三个臭皮匠，合成一 个诸葛亮。

Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.(增译注释性词语)

四、拆句法和合并法

拆句法和合并法：这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较 短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉;合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多;英语强调形合，结 构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句;而英译汉时又常常要在原句 的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的.连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序， 顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。

如：

1.Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.

同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。 (在主谓连接处拆译)

2.I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world.

我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛 情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。(在定语从句前拆译)

3.This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britain’s membership of the Community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account。

英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。(在定 语从句前拆译)

4.中国是个大国，百分之八十的人口从事农业，但耕地只占土地面积的十分之一，其余为山脉、 森林、城镇和其他用地。 China is a large country with four-fifths of the population engaged in agriculture, but only one tenth of the land is farmland, the rest being mountains, forests and places for urban and other uses.(合译)

五、正译法和反译法

这两种方法通常用于汉译英，偶尔也用于英译汉。所谓正译，是指把句子按照 与汉语相同的语序或表达方式译成英语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与汉语相反的语序或表达方式译成英语。正译与反译常常具有同义的效果，但反译往往更符合英 语的思维方式和表达习惯。因此比较地道。

如：

1.在美国，人人都能买到枪。

In the United States, everyone can buy a gun. (正译)

In the United States, guns are available to everyone. (反译)

2. 你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。

You can obtain this information on the Internet. (正译)

This information is accessible/available on the Internet. (反译)

(3) 他突然想到了一个新主意。

Suddenly he had a new idea. (正译)

He suddenly thought out a new idea. (正译)

A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him. (反译)

(4) 他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。

He still could not understand me. (正译)

Still he failed to understand me. (反译)

(5) 无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。

She can hardly be rated as a bright student. (正译)

She is anything but a bright student. (反译)

(6) Please withhold the document for the time being.

请暂时扣下这份文件。(正 译)

请暂时不要发这份文件。(反译)

六、倒置法

在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前;在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒 置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译 英。

如：

1.At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.

此时此刻，通过现代通信手 段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。(部分倒置)

2.I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community.

我坚信，英国依然应该是 欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。(部分倒置)

3.改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。

Great changes have taken place in China since the introction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置)

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5. 英语翻译技巧和方法

增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语

6. 英译汉常用的方法技巧

英译汉常用的方法技巧

在英译汉的过程中，有哪些好的方法与技巧呢?下面就和我一起来看看吧!

一、一词多义(Polysemy)

regular

regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline

delicate

delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food

二、注意有线词的词义

He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.

三、词义的'引申(Extension or Generalization)

1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept

His novel is a mirror of the times.

The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.

Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.

2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept

In two years, he was a national phenomenon.

Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.

Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.

四、词义的褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)

The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; ring which he did not visit the house.

It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.

John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

Exercises

I have no opinion of that sort of man.

She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”

I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.

I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.

The picture flattered her.

The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.

五、转译成动词

(一)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)

My admiration for him grew more.

He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.

To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.

The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.

Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.

In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.

Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

I am no drinker, nor smoker.

The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor proctivity.

(二)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)

There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.

We are fortunate in our opponent.

Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.

The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.

I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.

Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.

“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

(三)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)

He said the meeting was informative.

They were news-hungry.

It was a very informative meeting.

(四)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)

The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.

It has snowed over.

Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?

六、转译成名词

(一)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)

She knows what’s what.

They thought differently.

TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.

He roared, which threatened his enemies away.

The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.

(二)形容词转译成名词

The new treaty would be good for ten years.

The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.

Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly indivialized.

Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.

七、转译成形容词

名词转译成形容词

Their physical experiment was a success.

The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.

Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”

He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.

In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.

八、其他词类转译

副词转译成名词

The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.

Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.

The image must be dimensionally correct.

九、大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句

1. He said the pact had now been reced to less than a shadow.

2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.

3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.

4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.

十、以by为着眼点，进行多种译文

1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.

2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.

3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.

4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.

5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.

十一、“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达

1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.

2. It should be understood that to err is human.

十二、汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字

1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.

2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.

3. He was set upon by two naked men.

4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.

5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.

十三、名词、动名词前增补动词

1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.

2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.

十四、英语抽象名词的翻译

1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.

2. Many changes take place ring the transformation.

3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.

4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.

十五、将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词

1. It was a Godsend to him.

2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.

十六、增添“概括”性的词

1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.

2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.

3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and ecation.

十七、英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复

1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

十八、汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字

1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.

2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.

十九、增补量词

1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.

2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.

二十、增补表示复数含义的词

1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.

2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reced.

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