汉译英翻译的方法与技巧

‘壹’ 汉译英技巧和方法

首先是增译法，是指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子，以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。
还有减译法，指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来,因为译文中虽无其词而已有其意, 或者在译文中是不言而喻的，减译法是删去一些可有可无的， 或者有了反而累赘或违背译文习惯表达法的词, 并不是把原文的某些思想内容删去。

‘贰’ 汉译英基本技巧

汉译英基本技巧有：增词法、减词法、词类转换、语态转换、语序变换、合句法、分句法。

1、增词法。

在翻译段落时，为了能充分的表达原文含义，以求达意，翻译时有必要增加词语来使英文的表达更加顺畅。

2、减词法。

英语的表达倾向简洁，汉语比较喜欢重复。重复，作为一种汉语修辞方法，在某种场合下，重复的表达一个意思，是为了强调，加强语气。为了有更强的节奏感和押韵，汉语中也经常会出现排比句。考生在翻译这些句子时，为了符合英文表达的逻辑，就要有所删减或省略。

6、合句法。

把汉语内容关系密切的两个句子甚至更多句子合译为英语的一句就是合句译法。翻译时，既可以合译为一个主从句，也可合译为成分较为复杂（如包含非谓语动词等）的简单句。其优点在于不仅用词不多，而且句子显得流畅。

7、分句法。

汉译英时，需要分译的句子多数是长句，或者是结构复杂的复句。这种句子如果译成一个长句，就会使译文冗长、累赘、意思表达不清楚，也不符合英文习惯。如果采用分译，则会使译文简洁、易懂、层次分明。

‘叁’ 英语翻译方法和技巧

第一、转换句子法。

顾名思义，转换句子法就是在英译中，或者中译英的翻译题里，为了使将要译出的句子符合中文/英文里面的表达习惯、方法和方式等目标，而把题目中原句的语态、所用词类以及句型等进行处理转换。

1、在语态上，把主动语态变为被动语态（中译英），或者把被动语态变为主动语态（英译中）。

2、在词性上面，用介词、形容词、副词、名词等来替换原来的动词，用动词、形容词、代词来替代名词，或者用短语、副词来替代形容词。

3、在句子成分的方面，用表语、定语、状语、宾语来替换主语，用表语、主语、定语转换谓语，或者用主语、状语转换定语。

4、在句型上面，可以把简单句和复杂句互换，复合句痛并列句互换，或将定语从句转化为状语从句。

第二、省略翻译法

这与最开始提到的增译法相反，就是要求你把不符合汉语，或者英语的表达的方式、思维的习惯或者语言的习惯的部分删去，以免使所翻译出的句子沉杂累赘。

第三、合并法

合并翻译法就是把多个短句子或者简单句合并到一起，形成一个复合句或者说复杂句，多出现在汉译英的题目里出现，比如最后会翻译成定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等等。这是因为汉语句子里面喜欢所谓的“形散神不散”，即句子结构松散，但其中的语意又是紧密相连的，所以为了表达出这种感觉，汉语多用简单句进行写作。而英语则不同，它比较强调形式，结构严谨，所以会多用复杂句、长句。因此，汉译英时还需要注意介词、连词、分词的使用。

第四、拆分法

当然，英译汉的时候，就要采取完全相反的战术——拆分法，即把一个长难句细细拆分为一个个小短句、简单句，并适当补充词语，是句子通顺。最后，注意还需要按照汉语习惯调整语序，达到不仅能看懂而且不拗口的目标。

第五、插入法

就是把不能处理的句子，利用括号、双逗号等插入到所翻译的句子中，不过这种方法多用在笔译里面，口译用的非常少。

总而言之，以上这五种方法是翻译里面比较有用的方法，如果都掌握的话，那么可以有效的提高翻译水平。

‘肆’ 汉译英技巧

1.分清主从(Subordination)

汉语句中各分句关系比较松散，在动笔前应认真分析句子要旨所在。汉语句子中的重点往往在后。英译时，要突出重点或主句，其他部分可分别用介词短语，非谓语动词形式或各种从句表示。

2.选词用字(Diction)

在汉译英时应特别注意选找与原文中在意义上和风味上尽可能都类似的词语。

树雄心，立壮志，向科学技术现代化进军。

4.省略法（Omission）

汉语不怕重复，英语中有相同的词语常可省略，行文较简练。汉语中出于行文需要而没有实意的一些词语在英译时也要省略。

5.转换(Conversion)

汉语中的某些词类在英译时常常要根据英语的句式转换成英语的另一类词，更符合英语的惯用法。不仅如此，有时整个句式也要转换。

警察把那个人的胳臂抓得更紧了，叫嚷道：“学规矩点！”

Tightening his hold on the boy's arm, the policeman yelled,“Learn some respect!”

6.词序调整（Inversion）

每种语言都有自己的自然语序，翻译时要注意入乡随俗。特别要注意英译时强调句式的词序。

7.正说反译，反说正译（Negation）

英汉两种语言都有自己的约定俗成的正反说法，这在英译时要时刻注意到。英语中有些词汇本身就有否定的意思，要善于利用，如 fail, without, beyond, until, unless, instead of 等。

‘伍’ 英语句子翻译技巧和方法是什么

1、反译法：不同的文化导致语言结构存在差异，在英语和汉语互译的过程中，由于重心所放置的位置不同，翻译的过程中一定要学会反译，即当汉语习惯把重点放在句末时，在英语翻译的时候要学会把重点放在句首。

2、词义引申法：指根据上下文之间的联系，结合语境分析汉语中词汇所表达的深层含义，进而在翻译的过程引申其深层含义。引申有抽象和具象两种角度，英语翻译需要根据真实的情境来判断，使得读者能够一目了然。

3、词类转换法：同样也是因为两种语言的表达习惯以及词汇搭配的差异，导致在翻译过程中很难做到每一个英语翻译的词汇词性及表现方法一致，这些都是需要灵活转换的。

4、顺序法：顺序法指代的就是译者要按照原文的词汇顺序去翻译。在英语翻译的过程中，当一句话所陈述的是一连串按照时间顺序发生或者有相关逻辑的动作时，此时的口译翻译法便可以按照原文的英文词汇按顺序翻译。

‘陆’ 英译汉常用的方法和技巧

英译汉常用的方法和技巧

引导语：英译汉常用的方法和技巧，由应届毕业生培训网整理而成，谢谢您的阅读，祝您阅读愉快。

一、 词义的选择、引申和褒贬

1.一词多义(Polysemy)

regular

regular reading / regular job / regular flight / regular visitor / regular speed / regular army / gasoline

delicate

delicate skin / porcelain / upbringing / living / health / stomach / vase / diplomatic question / difference / surgical operation / ear for music / sense of smell / touch / food

2.注意有线词的词义

He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.

He now saw plainly the meaning of all. In the beginning, he had got a job the first day; but now he was second-hand, a damaged article, and they did not want him. They had got the best out of him, and now they had thrown him away. The situation had now become desperate. Then came another incident.

3.词义的引申(Extension or Generalization)

1) Extend the word meaning to cover an abstraction concept

His novel is a mirror of the times.

The OED is the final court of appeal in all matters concerning English words.

Sam knows he can depend on his family, rain or shine.

2) Extend the word meaning to cover a specific concept

In two years, he was a national phenomenon.

Public opinion is demanding more and more that something be done about noise.

Mary’s father, by his first marriage, had a daughter, Jane, Mary’s half-sister.

4.词义的'褒贬(Commendatory and Derogatory)

The reckless driver died in the traffic accident.

Poor Joe’s panic lasted for two or three days; ring which he did not visit the house.

It was time to hold a court and the subject for discussion was the future of that prisoner.

John was an aggressive salesman who did his job quite well.

The invaders met a stubborn resistance from the local people.

She was vexed by the persistent ringing of the phone.

5.Exercises

I have no opinion of that sort of man.

She put five dollars into my hand. “You have been a great man today.”

I’m afraid you’re being too particular about your food.

I was the youngest son, and the youngest but two.

The picture flattered her.

The country not agreeing with her, she returned to England.

二、 词类转译法

(一)转译成动词

(1)名词转译动词(Convert nouns into verbs)

My admiration for him grew more.

He said he did not know whether Tom was ready for a showdown.

To some extent it gets into the question of the chicken or the egg.

The Nobel prizes in physics and chemistry were rewarded to Americans, giving the U.S. a clean sweep of all the 1976 Nobel prizes in the sciences.

Television is the transmission and reception of image of moving objects by radio waves.

In the absence of friction, the vehicle could not even be started.

Vietnamese War is a drain on American resources.

I am no drinker, nor smoker.

The application of electronic computers makes a tremendous rise in labor proctivity.

(2)介词转译成动词(Convert prepositions into verbs)

There are many substances through which electric currents will not flow at all.

We are fortunate in our opponent.

Captain Ford was between the sheets by 9 last night.

The most he is after at this time is a chance to get more money.

I tried to talk him out of the idea, but he was unpleasant.

Millions of the people in the mountainous areas are finally off poverty.

“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.

(3)形容词转译成动词(Convert adjectives into verbs)

He said the meeting was informative.

They were news-hungry.

It was a very informative meeting.

(4)副词转译成动词(Convert adverbs into verbs)

The experiment in chemistry was ten minutes behind.

It has snowed over.

Why should we let in foreign goods when Americans walk the streets because they can’t sell their own goods?

(二)转译成名词

(1)动词转译成名词(Convert verbs into nouns)

She knows what’s what.

They thought differently.

TV differs from radio in that it sends and receives pictures.

The computer is chiefly characterized by its accurate and rapid computations.

He roared, which threatened his enemies away.

The man I saw at the party looked and talked like an American.

(2)形容词转译成名词

The new treaty would be good for ten years.

The language of the poem is colloquial, yet it’s deep in its understanding of human emotions.

Then the monkeys were trained according to different plans so as to make them highly indivialized.

Everyday experience shows us that heavy objects are more stable than light ones.

(三)转译成形容词

名词转译成形容词

Their physical experiment was a success.

The nuclear power system designed in China is of great precision.

Said a New York bullion trader, “The market’s gone banana.”

He found on this issue, as on Taiwan, an identity of approach.

In Europe, his name was well known, if not a household word.

(四)其他词类转译

副词转译成名词

The air-conditioning unit is shown schematically on Page 2.

Oxygen is one of the important elements in the physical world, it is very active chemically.

The image must be dimensionally correct.

三、被动语态的译法

(一)大量的英语被动句要化成汉语的主动句

1. He said the pact had now been reced to less than a shadow.

2. She had no knowledge of this and had not been consulted on these reported plans.

3. What has just been written runs the risk of oversimplification.

4. Many voices have been raised demanding the setting up of an Arab common market.

(二)以by为着眼点，进行多种译文

1. But real influence is not built up by striking attitude or by throwing insults.

2. Its sincerity is illustrated not only by its proposal but also by its deeds.

3. What I like best are the stern cliffs, with ranges of mountains soaring behind them, full of possibilities, peaks to be scaled only by the most daring.

4. Many expect that he will be outed by one of his rivals.

5. He said he was assured by the State Department that the U.S. is willing to normalize relations with his country.

(三)“it + be + p.p. + that clause”的句型，常以下列形式表达

1. It should be noted that he and she were academically more than just friends.

2. It should be understood that to err is human.

(四)汉译中需用被动式时，也最好多找一些字眼来取代“被”字

1. The visitor was flattered and impressed.

2. Everybody was fed up with her gossip.

3. He was set upon by two naked men.

4. If the expenditure is really necessary, the money can be found somehow.

5. He was released immediately after Batista fled Cuba.

四、增词法

(一)名词、动名词前增补动词

1. We often go to the school-run factory for labor.

2. Testing is a complicated problem and long experience is required for its mastery.

(二)英语抽象名词的翻译

1. He was still reluctant to talk substance.

2. Many changes take place ring the transformation.

3. Her indifference kept all the visitors away from the exhibition hall.

4. From the evaporation of water people know that liquid can turn into gases under certain conditions.

(三)将具体形象的词译成该形象所具有的属性和特征，这是一种引申，需增词

1. It was a Godsend to him.

2. If you dare to play the fox with me, I’ll shoot you at once.

(四)增添“概括”性的词

1. He had slept there before, in July and again in October.

2. Their host carved, poured, served, cut bread, talked, laughed, proposed health.

3. The government is doing its best to ease the tension in that area.

4. Proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen.

5. This report summed up the achievements in technology and ecation.

(五)英文中为避免重复而省略之词，汉译时需补上，作必要的重复

1. I hope that the meeting will not be too long, for it will only waste time.

(六)汉译文根据原文意思增加一些必要的解释性文字

1. And he launched into a speech, eloquently advocating his university of the future.

2. Those were the words that were to make the world blossom for, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.

(七)增补量词

1. Repeat the experiment using a wooden ruler, a piece of glass, a metal spoon, a coin, a piece of paper, a pin, a plastic comb, a key, a pencil, a tin lid and a rubber eraser.

2. On April 24th 1970, China successfully launched its first man-made earth satellite.

(八)增补表示复数含义的词

1. But that the old workers helped us, we should have failed.

2. The moving parts of a machine are often oiled so that friction may be greatly reced.

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‘柒’ 英语翻译技巧和方法

增译法 指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义。这种方式多半用在汉译英里。汉语无主句较多,而英语句子一般都要有主语

‘捌’ 英译汉的翻译技巧总结

翻译是一门创造性的语言艺术,要做好英译汉,需对英汉两种语言有较好的理解和把握,本文首先阐述了英译汉翻译的基本方法,然后深入讨论了英翻汉的词义的选择翻译法、词性的转换翻译法、增补的译法、比较级译法、定语从句的译法等翻译的基本技巧,总结只有不断实践总结,翻译能力才能提高.

一、词类转译技巧

在英译汉过程中，有些句子可以逐词对译，有些句子则由于英汉两种语言的表达方式不同，就不能逐词对译，只能将词类进行转译之后，方可使译文显得通顺、自然;对词类转译技巧的运用须从四个方面加以注意。

1、转译成动词。英语中的某些名词、介词、副词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。

The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way .

植物没有专门的排泄系统，可用同样的方式加以说明。名词转译

As he ran out ,he forgot to have his shoes on .他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。

2、转译成名词。英语中的某些动词、形容词，翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。

The earth on which we live is shaped a ball.

我们居住的地球，形状象一个大球。动词转译

The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded .

医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。形容词转换

3、转译成形容词。英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词，以及某些形容词派生的名词，往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。另外，当英语动词转译成汉语名词时，原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。

It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water.

使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。作表语的名词转译

The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man .

太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。副词转译

4、转译成副词。英语中的某些名词、形容词，翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。

When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor .只要一发现有 可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。名词转译

二、词义的选择和引伸技巧

英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。一词多类就是指一个词往往属于几个词类，具有几个不同的意义;一词多义就是同一个词在同一词类中又往往有几个不同的词义。在英译汉的过程中，我们在弄清原句结构后，就要善于运用选择和确定原句中关键词词义的技巧，以使所译语句自然流畅，完全符合汉语习惯的说法;选择确定词义通常可以从两方面着手：

1、根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义

They are as like as two peas .他们相似极了。形容词

He likes mathematics more than physics .他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理。动词

Wheat, oat, and the like are cereals .小麦、燕麦等等皆系谷类。名词

2、根据上下文联络以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。

He is the last man to e .他是最后来的。

He is the last person for such a job .他最不配干这个工作。

He should be the last man to blame.怎么也不该怪他。

This is the last place where I expected to meet you .我怎么也没料到会在这个地方见到你。

词义引伸是我们英译汉时常用的技巧之一。翻译时，有时会遇到某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当的词义，如果任意硬套或逐词死译，就会使译文生硬晦涩，不能确切表达原意，甚至会造成误解。这时就应根据上下文和逻辑关系，从该词的根本含义出发，进一步加以引伸，引伸时，往往可以从三个方面来加以考虑。

1、词义转译。当我们遇到一些无法直译或不宜直译的词或片语时，应根据上下文和逻辑关系，引伸转译。

The energy of the sun es to the earth mainly as light and heat .太阳能主要以光和热的形式传到地球。

2、词义具体化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较笼统的词引伸为词义较具体的词。

The last stage went higher and took the Apollo into orbit round the earth.最后一级火箭升得更高，把“阿波罗号”送进围绕地球执行的轨道。

3、词义抽象化。根据汉语的表达习惯，把原文中某些词义较具体的词引伸为词义较抽象的词，或把词义较形象的词引伸为词义较一般的词。

Every life has its roses and thorns .每个人的生活都有甜有苦。

‘玖’ 英汉互译的技巧

【中英互译翻译技巧】中文结构“三步走”。主要是指涉及政府外宣类题材的句子结构划分技巧。所谓“三步走”，具体是指：中文长句中，第一步给出理念、指导方针或原则，第二步具体阐述在这何种方针原则的指导下都做了什么或者要做什么，第三步给出结果或者要实现的目标。在具体行文时，可以按照“每一步”信息的多少进行“逐步”切句或者灵活整合。有了“三步走”原则，长句一点儿都不可怕！这一汉英句式逻辑分析技巧在实操训练中非常实用也极易掌握。
二、【中英互译翻译技巧】“孰轻孰重”要分明。主要是指中英互译翻译句子结构差异：中文结构“前轻后重”，中文结构事实、背景在前，表态、判断、结论在后，英文恰恰相反，是“前重后轻”。结构差异了然于胸，“表态判断为主，事实背景为从”，在中英互译翻译时有了这样一盒主从句框架搭建原则，逻辑一目了然，译文自然“行云流水”。
三、【中英互译翻译技巧】结构搭建“三剑客”。主要是指汉译英时结构搭建常用的三个功能词或形式，即as，ing，with。译文结构好不好，它们说了算！可以不夸张地说，谁尽早熟练掌握了这三个功能词或形式，谁就能尽早步入汉英翻译的殿堂。
四、【中英互译翻译技巧】同义重复“并译”行。主要是指中文具有前后呼应、信息重叠的特点，经常使用四字甚至八字表达同一意思，英译时必须压缩合并减译，提取核心意思，力求简洁、流畅，如：骄傲与自豪，千山万水，你中有我、我中有你，等等。中文还有一个典型特点，即“双动词现象”，如：调整和优化，提高和加强，保障和改善民生，加强和完善。以“调整和优化”为例，这两个词在具体上下文中往往属于同义动词，调整的目的就是优化，而优化就是一种调整，直接取同义翻译即可。
五、【中英互译翻译技巧】“千变万化”増张力。主要是指中英互译翻译要“千变万化”，“同义发散”，选取不同角度对同一内容进行诠释，使用同义词进行替换等等，以此来凸显英文语言的多变性。这与平时大家学习英文写作的要求完全一致，即，同义词替换多多益善！要从写作的角度看翻译。
六、【中英互译翻译技巧】具体、概括“不相容”。主要是指汉英翻译的原则之一“舍宏观概括、取微观具体”。中文里往往会在具体信息后添加概括信息，如：“以人为本”的理念、“先到先得”的原则、粮食安全等问题都要用到这一翻译基本技巧，在翻译时直接翻译具体内容即可。
七、【中英互译翻译技巧】副词去留“有分寸”。主要是指中文外宣材料中动词前多数情况下都有副词，是中文行文习惯使然，汉译英时除非确有必要，否则可酌情去掉这些副词。

‘拾’ 中文英文翻译有什么技巧

汉语句子翻译成英语的方法技巧：

(1)逆序法

英语有些长句的表达次序与汉语表达习惯不同，甚至完全相反，这时必须从原文后面开始翻译。在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。

倒置法通常用于英译汉，即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。

(2)顺序法

当英语长句的内容叙述层次与汉语基本一致时，可以按照英语原文表达的层次顺序翻译成汉语，从而使译文与英语原文的顺序基本一致。

(3)包孕法

这种方法多用于英译汉。所谓包孕是指在把英语长句译成汉语时，把英语后置成分按照汉语的正常语序放在中心词之前，使修饰成分在汉语句中形成前置包孕。但修饰成分不宜过长，否则会形成拖踏或造成汉语句子成分在连接上的纠葛。

(4)分句法

有时英语长句中主语或主句与修饰词的关系并不十分密切，翻译时可以按照汉语多用短句的习惯，把长句的从句或短语转换成句子，分开来叙述。为了使语意连贯，有时需要适当增加词语，也就是采取化整为零的方法将整个英语长句翻译为几个独立的句子，顺序基本不变，前后保持连贯。

(5)综合法

上面我们讲述了英语长句的逆序法、顺序法和分句法，事实上，在翻译一个英语长句时，并不只是单纯地使用一种翻译方法，而是要综合使用到各种方法，这在我们上面所举的例子中也有所体现。

再如，一些英语长句单纯采用上述任何一种方法都不方便，这就需要我们的仔细分析，或按照时间的先后，或按照逻辑顺序，顺逆结合，主次分明地对全句进行综合处理，以便把英语原文翻译成通顺忠实的汉语句子。