被動句的研究方法

❶ 英語語法被動語態我一直不理解不會用 有沒有什麼技巧，我不知道該咋變

英語中的被動語態使用得比漢語要多，要普遍，許多課本乃至實際應用中都常常涉及到這個問題。一般說來，當強調動作承受者，不必說出執行者或含糊不清的執行者時，多用被動式。須注意的是，許多地方與漢語不同。注意那些漢語中沒有"被……"的意思，英語卻用被動態。還要注意，英語的被動態往往由"by"引出，而有用介詞"by"的短語往往又不是被動態，而是系表結構。還有些待殊現象，如…knownto man(人類......所知)，on foot步行(美國人有時用by foot)，in carraige(乘四輪馬車)等等。還有假主動，真被動的十幾個常用詞的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried等習慣用法。有關這類情況，做到心中有數對全面掌握被動態，准確無誤地解答習題非常關鍵，被動態必須涉及的是動詞的各種時態變化的問題。英語的時態本來很復雜，怎樣記住各自的被動形式呢? 首先要明確"將來進行無被動，現在完成進行
同"。這兩種時態無被動形式。
另外，不及物動詞帶有同源賓語的動詞，反身代詞的動詞和系動詞都無被動形式。即便如此，還有一般現謔保?話愎?ナ保?衷誚?惺保??ソ?惺保?衷諭瓿墒焙凸?ネ瓿墒?還有不定式，動名詞，分詞，以及它們的復合結構)的被動態，再加上情態動詞，助動詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜，真是令人頭痛，眼花繚亂。下面口訣就以動詞do為例，即do did過去式done過去分詞，以口訣形式總結各種時態的被動態，一定對你有所啟示。
被動語態的口決

一般現、過用be done，be有人稱、時、數變。
完成時態have done，被動將been加中間。
一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done。
將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing,
現在完成進行同，have (has) been doing。
現、過進行be doing, 被動be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。
否定助後加not，疑問一助置主前。
主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前。
一般情助加be done，雙賓多將間賓變。
復合賓語賓變主，賓補、主補相應變。

第二句"be有人稱、時、數變"即be有人稱、時態和單、復數的變化。"情助"是指情態動詞和助動詞must, may, can, shall, will等一律隨新主語(多是主動句中的賓語)來變化。"疑問一助置主前"是說有兩個助動詞的話，應把主語放在第一助動詞之後或把第一助動詞置於主語之前。下面詳細舉例說明之。

一般現、過用be done, be有人稱、時、數變
例：主動：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
被動：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.
孩子們熱烈地歡迎外賓。
主動：People regard him as brilliant.
被動：He is regarded as brilliant by people.
人們認為他很有才華。
以上兩例都是一般時態用be done的例子，be有人稱、時、數變，第三人稱foreign friends是復數，時態一般過去時，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被動後的"be done"就變成單數第三人稱is regarded的形式了。
被動: This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般過去時的被動態)
這篇講演是王的發言。
There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.
邊境發生嚴重列車事故，二人死亡，十二人受傷。
A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不諱的人才是真正誠實的人。
A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人給講演者遞上來一張紙條。
John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 喬治被選為班長而代替了亨利。
Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述為活的，沉睡著的，或者死的。
The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 這位戰士犧牲了，然而列車得救了。
He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被認為很聰明但不誠實。
The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美國的第一個動物園是1874年建立的。
Families were often broken up; wives were taken away from their husbands, and children from their parents. 家庭被拆散，妻兒被奪走。
The information is urgently needed. 急需這個資料。
Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them were not taken in the past. 多數環境污染問題的存在，是因為過去沒有採取適當的保護措施。

完成時態have done，被動將been加中間。
(過去完成時had done也包括在內)。
例：主動：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school.
被動：English has been studied for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school. (have隨新主語變為has)
我們已經在夜校里斷斷續續地學了三年英語了。
主動: They had proced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
被動: 100 tractors had been proced by the end of last year.
到去年年底我們已生產出一百台拖拉機。
主動：They have set up a power station in their home town.
被動：A power station has been set up in their home town.
他們的家鄉建立了一座發電站。
主動：They have warned us to be careful of rats.
被動：We have been warned to be careful of rats.
他們已提醒我們要注意老鼠。
主動：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.
被動: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.
人們把裝滿垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。
主動：We have used nuclear energy to proce ekectricity.
被動：Nuclear energy has been used to proce electricity.
核能已用來發電。
主動: No one has ever beaten him at tennis.
被動：He has never been beaten at tennis.
就網球來說還沒有人是他的對手。
(No one涉及到全否定和部分否定問題，見否定一講)
The person who owns the gun may try to deny that he has used it. But anyone seeing the smoke knows the gun has just been fired.
有槍的人會極力否認他開了槍。但是任何看到槍姻(槍冒的煙)的人都會知道剛才開了槍。
Today is Cilia's wedding day, she has just been married to Danel. 今天是西麗亞的新婚日，她剛剛和丹尼爾結婚。
The subject of these lectures have been announced by the lecture committee. 演講委員會已宣布了這些講演的題目。
過去完成時也是一樣：
主動: Somenody had cleaned my shoes.
被動: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.
有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。
When I returned I found that they had towed (toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that id was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign".
被動：...my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that ... it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign".
當我回來時，發現我的車被弄走了。我問他們為啥這么於。他們告訴我說因為我把車於停在"禁止停車"的禁區。
主動: They had build three ships by last December.
被動: By last December three ships had been build by them.
到去年年底他們已建造了三艘船。
Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created. 合成材料造出之前，研究工作集中在改進天然建築材料上。
He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined. 他並沒有說那些鋼管都檢驗過沒有。
After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials. 塑料發明之後，工程師們在材料選擇上有了更廣闊的途徑。

一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done
即由shall do或will do變為shall done或will be done。
例：主動: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year.
被動：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.
過年我市將建立幾座大型現代化的發電廠。
(shall do中的shall要隨新主語變為will, do為be done.)
王動：I shall send my second boy to school next September.
被動：My second boy will be sent to school next September.
過年九月我將送我次子去讀書。
主動：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold.
被動：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by cheaps and swindlers.
設法騙錢的商人和騙子們將通過把"鉛磚"外面鍍上一層金來做這樣的"金磚"。
主動：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.
被動: You will be asked a lot of strange questions.
他們將問你許多怪題。
被動句中的by引出的賓語，一般說來，如果是人稱代詞你、我、他等，均可省略，some one no one不由by來引出。如果是名詞不能省略，但當今英語也都可省略了。
主動：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future.
被動：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people.
中國人民在將來將進行更多的空間探索。
同樣
After a period of use, the batteries should be shanged. 電池使用一段時間後，應該更換。
Usually, the electricity is on for 24 hours. But tomorrow it will be cut off in the day time. 通常是晝夜供電，明天白天將停電。
More peaceful uses will be found for nuclear explosives in the future. 在將來會發現更多的和平利用核爆炸的途徑。
More hard work will be needed to make this wonder come true in a short time from now. 從現在起要使這些奇跡在短時間內成為現實還需要做更多的艱苦工作。
make...come true 使……成為事實; come true做賓補(見感使動詞口訣)。
The machine will not be used again. 這機器不能再用了。
Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤氣嗎?
但如果是一般過去將來時如何處理呢？請記下面口訣：
一般過去將來時，過去某時將發生。
主動should (would) do，被動be done代原形。
將來進行無被動，現在完成進行同。
主動：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time.
被動：...whether the new plan would be carried out ahead of time.
幾天前，我們還不能肯定能否提前執行新的計劃。
主動：I did not say that we would change the eauipment.
被動：I did not say that the equipment would be changed.
我並沒說過，我們將換掉那台設備。
主動：My supervisor told me that he would give me a special tutorial a few days ago.
被動：My supervisor told me that a special tutorial would be given to me a few days ago.
幾天前，我的導師說他將對我進行個別輔導。
主動: I never thought that be would bring me the information so early.
被動：I never thought that the information would be brought to me so early.
我決沒想到他那麼早就會把資料帶給我。

將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing,
現在完成進行同．have (has) been doing,
即將來進行時表示動作在將來某一時刻或某個階段正在進行'現在完成進行時表示某-行為發生在過去．延續到現在，可能還要延續下去。兩種時態則不用被動語態。
例；We hope your comany will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. (將來進行時) 我們希望貴公司早些派一名工程師來檢查這台設備。
In a ffew minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere. (將來進行時) 幾分鍾後我們的客機將在同溫層中飛行。
We hope scientists will be tapping new energy sources to meet the need for power. 我們希望科學家們將發掘新的能源來滿足能量的需要。(將來進行時)
What will you be doing this evening? 今晚你將做什麼?（將來進行時)
I have been living in Anshan Since 1980．(現在完成進行時) 1980年以來，我一直住在鞍山。
How long have you been studying English? 你學英語多久了?(現在完成進行時)
We have been waiting at the airport for the whole day becayse of the thick fog. 由於大霧，我們已經在機場等了一整天了。 (現在完成進行時)
Since then, applied mathematicians have been coping successfully with many problems in astronony. 從那時以來，應用數學家成功地處理了許多天文學上的問題。
(現在完成進行時)以上均無被動態。

現、過進行be doing，被動be加being done
即現在進行時或過去進行時都是be的人稱、時和數的形式加doing。而被動態則是be加上being done的形式，being是不變的。現在進行時和過去進行時的被動態是被動態個的重點，容易搞錯。例如：
主動：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute.
被動：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers.
工人們正在維修東北工學院主樓。
Two reserviors are being built at the same time. 兩座水庫同時建造。
The nasty question is being considered by the committee members. 委員會的委員們正在考慮那個棘手的問題，
A cir(uit d朗i8ni 566inf m6J6bythetR8Incers． 工程師們正搞電路設計。
Equipment and foodstuffs are being flown to the floodstricken areas. 設備和食品正在空運到災區。
The buildong of another fly-over is being planned. 他們在計劃修建另一座跨線橋。
We coudld not get through because the February 19th Road was being repaired. 我們過不去，因二.一九路正維修呢。

❷ 找什麼是語文被動句（要具體點）

被動句就是「被」字句並舉例說明，被動句的注意事項，使用被動句的適宜情況。

被動句是指主語與謂語之間的關系是被動關系，主語是謂語動詞所表示的行為的被動者、受事者，而不是主動者、實施者。被動句是各種語言的基本句式，在不同語言中被動句的語法有一些差別。

(2)被動句的研究方法擴展閱讀：

被動句中的「被」字句有如下類型：

（1）由「被」引進施事，格式是：受事+被十施事+動詞性詞語。如：

教室被我們打掃干凈了。許雲峰被特務盯上了。

（2）「被」後邊施事沒有出現，格式是：受事+被+動詞性詞語。由於「被」後邊沒有賓語，此處的「被」字是助詞。如：

大樓被炸倒了。課被推遲了。車子被騎走了。

（3） 「被……所」固定格式：受事+被+施事+所+動詞性詞語。這種格式一般只在書面語中使用，是從「為……所」演變而來的，也可以使用「為……所」式或「由……所」式和「受……所」式。後面的動詞多為雙音節。

❸ 英語被動語態

基本信息

例如：Many people speak Chinese.
謂語：speak的動作是由主語many people來執行的。
例如：Chinese is spoken by many people. 中文Chinese是動詞speak的承受者。被例如中文常說：我被他打，這就是一種被動。但有時由於句子結構上的需要也要用被動，例如It is not unusual for workers in that region to be paid more than a month it 在句中作形式主語。而不定式to be paid more than a month是句子的邏輯主語。結合選項全句的意思是：「那個地方的工人一個多月後才得到工資是常有的事」。
編輯本段
構成

英語被動語態的構成通常是：「Be+Passive」。但「Get+Passive」也可以構成被動語態，用這種結構的句子側重於動作的結果而不是動作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那個男人在回家的路上受傷了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎麼破了？ 著名學者周海中教授在論文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get+過去分詞的被動語態是一種新興的被動語態形式；相對來說它的使用還沒有Be+過去分詞構成的被動語態那麼廣泛，一般限於口語和非正式書面語；但它卻有著用得愈來愈多的趨勢，是一種生氣蓬勃的語言現象。
編輯本段
注意事項

當主動語態要被改成被動的時候，我們把原句的賓語提前，作為改句的主語，主語後置，作為賓語。因此有一點要注意，不及物動詞由於不加賓語，沒有被動形式，但不及物動詞如果與某些介詞構成介詞短語，可以用被動。例如The fire had been put out before the fireman arrived. Put是不及物動詞，但put out是及物動詞。
各種時態和句型如下：
①一般時（一般現在，一般過去，一般將來）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：「環境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時間才能恢復過來。」do作為及物動詞有「引起，產生」的含義，do damage的意思是「造成破壞」。主語damage是及物動詞do的動作對象，謂語應當用被動語態。同樣的，還有，I will mend the machine.相當於The machine will be mended （by me）.
②進行時（現在進行、過去進行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.
③ 完成時（現在完成、過去完成、將來完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o』clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
④ 其他時態 以此類推，可得到結果。
⑤ 情態動詞的被動語態：主語 + 情態動詞 + be動詞 + 動詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑥ 不定式的被動語態：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（確定超過接待能力的預定時必須考慮預定了房間卻來不了的客人。）
編輯本段
主動語態變為被動的幾個特殊情況

① 有些動詞在主動結構中，後面接不帶to的不定式，但如果改為被動，則需把省略的to加上，這類動詞有 [let, make, have,help]和感官動詞[feel,see,hear,watch,look at,listen to]，如：The boss made my grandfather work 10hours a day.改成My grandfather was made to work for 10 hours a day.
② 含有賓語從句的主動結構變為被動，通常用it作為被動結構的先行主語，從句放在句子後面/也可採用另一種形式，這類動詞有：know, say, believe, find, think, report等
③ 不是所有的主動句都可以變換成被動句，更不是所有的被動句都可以自由變換成主動句。雖然語法原則上允許主動和被動句的互相轉換，但有的句子轉換後會變成不通順或不地道的英語句子。因此，在某些題目里，這也成為判斷應該用主動還是用被動的依據。
例：At 5:05 p.m. on Saturday 19th July , there was an accident at the junction of the Main Street and Panda Road when a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van. The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital where he was treated for shock and a broken arm.
在這段文章里，a boy was knocked down off his bicycle by a delivery van這句被動句強調出讀到文章的人最關心的事故的受害者。The boy was sent to St. Maria Hospital這句話則說明了孩子被送到醫院的事實，至於是由誰（某個過路人？或肇事司機？）送的不重要。he was treated for shock and a broken arm這句被動句無須說出treat這個動作的發出者，因為在醫院，傷病員自然由醫務人員處理，無須羅嗦。這樣，這段文章就重點突出，條理清楚了。
④ 有些動詞可以有兩個賓語，在用於被動結構時，可以把主動結構中的一個賓語變為主語，另一個賓語仍然保留在謂語後面。多是把間接賓語變為主語。這樣句子自然些。直接賓語變為主語時，間接賓語要變為某個介詞的賓語，介詞to可以省略。如His father left him this house.改為This house was left (to) him by his father.
⑤ 有些動詞雖為及物，但賓語並非是動作承受者，不能轉換，這些動詞有have, hold（容納）,suit, fit, lack, become（適合）contain, cost, last, mean, suffice（足夠）等。
⑥ 當直接賓語為反身代詞、相互代詞或賓語前有指代主語的物主代詞時不用被動，如I shook my head.我搖搖頭。
⑦ 當賓語為同源賓語（與主句指同一人），動名詞，動詞不定式或一個從句時不用被動。如John enjoyed seeing the fil,.
⑧ 在一些固定說法中，有些名詞和動詞結合的固定說法，不能改We Chinese always keep our word.
⑨ 某些從不及物動詞轉化來的及物動詞，直接賓語在表示動作的方式或效果時，這些動詞在意思上起狀語的作用，沒有被動The girl kissed her boyfriend good night=The girl said good night to her boyfriend by kissing him.(這個女孩說了晚安並且親了他的男朋友）
⑩ 表地點\處所\組織\長度\大小\數量\程度\抽象名詞的詞做賓語時不用被動.
⑪ 某些「不及物動詞+介詞」短語,walk into, listen to, sleep in, agree with, shake hands with, belong to, take part in, keep up with不能用被動。
⑫ 某些詞用主動表被動：sell, miss, build, grow, look, smell, taste, sound, feel等
編輯本段
被動語態的用法

1.一般現在時的被動語態構成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Our classroom is cleaned everyday.
I am asked to study hard.
Knives are used for cutting things.
2.一般過去時的被動語態構成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new shop was built last year.
Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3.現在完成時的被動語態構成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞
This book has been translated into many languages.
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4.一般將來時的被動語態構成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
A new hospital will be built in our city.
Many more trees will be planted next year.
5.含有情態動詞的被動語態構成：情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Young trees must be watered often.
Your mistakes should be corrected right now.
The door may be locked inside.
Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6.現在進行時的被動語態構成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞
Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→
My bike is being repaired by Tom now.
They are planting trees over there. →
Trees are being planted over there by them.
7.不定式的被動語態：to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
There are two books to be read. →
There are twenty more trees to be planted.
8.過去將來時的被動語態：would + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞
He said he would finish the work soon.
He said the work would be finished soon by him.
編輯本段
主動語態改被動語態

把主動語態改為被動語態非常簡單，可以遵循以下幾個步驟：
1. 先找出謂語動詞；
2. 再找出謂語動詞後的賓語；
3. 把賓語用作被動語態中的主語；
4. 注意人稱、時態和數的變化。
例：1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week.
2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning.
3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far.
4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow.
5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now.
6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave.
編輯本段
使用被動語態的注意問題

1.不及物動詞無被動語態。
What will happen in 100 years.
The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago.
2.有些動詞用主動形式表示被動意義。
This pen writes well.
This new book sells well.
3.感官動詞或使役動詞使用省略to的動詞不定式，主動語態中不帶to ，但變為被動語態時，須加上to 。
例：make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something
see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something
A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by.
The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss.
His mother gave him a present for his birthday.→ He was given a present by his mother for his birthday.
4.如果是接雙賓語的動詞改為被動語態時，直接賓語(物)作主語，那麼動詞後要用介詞，這個介詞是由與其搭配的動詞決定。
He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him.
He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him.
My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father.
5.一些動詞短語用於被動語態時，動詞短語應當看作一個整體，而不能丟掉其中的介詞或副詞。
We can't laugh at him. →He can』t be laughed at by us.
He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day.
The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse.
6.賓語補足語的被動語態
They call him Bob./He is called Bob.
7.謂語補助語態
He is a bad boy。

❹ 被動語態希望詳細講解

在英語中的被動語態使用得比漢語要多，要普遍，許多課本及考試乃至實際應用中都常常涉及到這個問題。一般說來，當強調動作承受者，不必說出執行者或含糊不清的執行者時，多用被動語態。需要注意的是，許多地方與漢語不同。注意：哪些漢語中沒有"被……"的意思，英語卻應該用被動態。還要注意，英語的被動態往往由"by"引出，而有用介詞"by"的短語往往又不是被動語態，而是系表結構。還有些特殊現象，如：known to man(人類......所知)，on foot步行(美國人有時用by foot)，in carriage(乘四輪馬車)等等。還有假主動，真被動的十幾個常用詞的用法，以及so heavy to carry而不用so heavy to be carried 等習慣用法。有關這類情況，做到心中有數對全面掌握被動態，准確無誤地解答習題非常關鍵，被動態必須涉及的是動詞的各種時態變化的問題。英語的時態本來很復雜，怎樣記住各自的被動形式呢? 首先要明確"將來進行無被動，現在完成進行同"。這兩種時態無被動形式。 另外，不及物動詞帶有同原賓語的動詞，反身代詞的動詞和系動詞都無被動形式。即便如此，還有不定式，動名詞，分詞，以及它們的復合結構的被動態，再加上情態動詞，助動詞以及它們的疑問式和否定式從中摻雜，真是令人頭痛，眼花繚亂。下面口訣就以動詞do為例，即do did過去式done過去分詞，以口訣形式總結各種時態的被動態.一定對你有所啟示。 當然了，被動語態也可以概括為be done
被動語態各時態構成表
TENSE 主動語態 被動語態
一般現在時 be+V.\V.s am\is\are+V(p.p)
一般將來時 will\be going to+V. will be +V(p.p)
現在進行時 am\is\are+V.ing am\is\are+being+V(p.p)
一般過去時 ①was\were②V.ed was\were+V(p.p)
現在完成時 have\has+V.p.p have\has+been+V(p.p)
過去完成時 had+V.p.p had+been+V(p.p)
過去進行時 was\were+V.ing was\were+being+V(p.p)
情態動詞 情態動詞+V. 情態動詞+be+V(p.p)
被動語態（一般現在時） 主動語態變被動語態時，主動語態句中的賓語變成被動語態句中的主語，主動語態句中的主語成為被動語態句中的動作的發出者。 被動語態的口訣： 一般現、過用be +V.過去分詞，be有人稱、時、數變。 完成時態have(has) done，被動將been加中間。 一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done。 將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing, 現在完成進行同，have (has) been doing。 現、過進行be doing, 被動be加being done。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。 否定助後加not，疑問一助置主前。 主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前。 一般情助加be done，雙賓多將間賓變。 復合賓語賓變主，賓補、主補相應變。 1.一般現在時 is\am\are+P.P(過去分詞) 2.一般過去時 was\were+P.P 3.一般將來時 will be+P.P 4.現在進行時 is\am\are+being(固定不變)+P.P 5.過去進行時 was\were+being(固定不變)+P.P 6.現在完成時 have\has been+P.P 7.過去完成時 had been+P.P 第二句"be有人稱、時、數變"即be有人稱、時態和單、復數的變化。"情助"是指情態動詞和助動詞must，may，can，shall，will等一律隨新主語(多是主動句中的賓語)來變化。"疑問一助置主前"是說有兩個助動詞的話，應把主語放在第一助動詞之後或把第一助動詞置於主語之前。下面詳細舉例說明之。
一般現、過用be done, be有人稱、時、數變 例：1、主動：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome. 被動：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children. 孩子們熱烈地歡迎外賓。 2、主動：People regard him as brilliant. 被動：He is regarded as brilliant by people. 人們認為他很有才華。 以上兩例都是一般時態用be done的例子，be有人稱、時、數變，第三人稱foreign friends是復數，時態一般過去時，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被動後的"be done"就變成單數第三人稱is regarded的形式了。
完成時態have done，被動將been加中間。 (過去完成時had done也包括在內)。 例：1、主動：We have studied English for 3 years and on at the spare-time school. 被動：English has been studied for 3 years by us and on at the spare-time school. (have隨新主語變為has) 我們已經在夜校里斷斷續續地學了三年英語了。
一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done 即由shall do或will do變為shall done或will be done。 例：主動: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year. 被動：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year. 過年我市將建立幾座大型現代化的發電廠。 (shall do中的shall要隨新主語變為will, do為be done.) 主動：I shall send my second boy to school next September. 被動：My second boy will be sent to school next September. 過年九月我將送我次子去讀書。
將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing, 現在完成進行同．have (has) been doing, 即將來進行時表示動作在將來某一時刻或某個階段正在進行'現在完成進行時表示某-行為發生在過去．延續到現在，可能還要延續下去。兩種時態則不用被動語態。 例；We hope your comany will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. (將來進行時) 我們希望貴公司早些派一名工程師來檢查這台設備。
現、過進行be doing，被動be加being done 即現在進行時或過去進行時都是be的人稱、時和數的形式加doing。而被動態則是be加上being done的形式，being是不變的。現在進行時和過去進行時的被動態是被動態個的重點，容易搞錯。例如： 主動：The workers are repairing the main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute. 被動：The main building of the Northeast Engineering Institute is being repaired by the workers. 工人們正在維修東北工學院主樓。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。
帶情態動詞和助動詞等的被動態如何處理比較復雜。要隨新的主語來變化，這些詞如can, could；will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need需要；have to不得不；be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如： 主動: We must keep this in mind. 被動：This must be kept in mind. 我們必須把這個記在心裡。
may加不定式的完成體或完成進行體表示"可能"，主要用於肯定句，決不能用在疑問句中。而can與不定式的完成體或完成進行體連用表示"可能"，只用於否定句和疑問句，不用於肯定句。但如果can或may的過去式即could與might與不定式完成體或完成進行體搭配時，可用於各種結構。肯，否，陳，疑均可。 It can't have been lost in the post, can it? 它不可能在郵局丟失的吧：(反意疑問句) 否定助後加not，疑問一助置主前 在否定句的被動態中，否定副詞not-定加在第一助動詞之後，不放在別的助動詞之後。同樣在疑問句的被動態中，第一助動詞置於主語之前。 例：Why has(一助) not anything been(二助) done to end the strike? not必須放在第一助動詞has之後，第-助動詞has必須放在主語anything之前。決不可寫成: why has not been anything done to end the strike?或why has been not anything done to end the strike? 為什麼不採取些措施來結束罷工呢? The exercises will not be done in class. 不可寫成：The exercise will be not done in class. 我們將不在課堂上作練習。
主動句變為被動句所遵循的4個步驟： 1.把原主動句中的賓語變為被動句的主語 2.把動詞變為被動形式即be +過去分詞，並注意其人稱和數隨主語的變化，而動詞的時態則保持不變。 3.原主動句的主語如需要則放在by後面以它 的賓格形式出現（注代詞的賓格），如不需要則可省略。 4.其它的成分（定語、狀語）不變。
情態動詞的被動語態一、理解含情態動詞的被動語態的概念 含情態動詞的被動語態說明某個被動性動作所反映出的感情和態度。初中階段可用於被動語態的情態動詞有can，may，must，need，should等，分別表示「能夠被……」，「可以被……」，「必須被……」，「需要被……「，應該被……」等。 二、掌握含情態動詞的被動語態的不同句式的變換方法 含情態動詞的被動語態的疑問句、否定句的變化均藉助於情態動詞完成。 （一）一般疑問句 直接將陳述句被動語態中的情態動詞提前。如： Must this work be done at once？這項工作必須立即完成嗎？ Should your homework be finished before six？你的家庭作業應在六點前完成嗎？ （二）特殊疑問句由疑問詞加上一般疑問句被動語態構成。如： When must this work be done？這工作必須在什麼時候完成？ Where can the lost book be found？這本失蹤的書能在什麼地方被找到？ （三）反意疑問句 藉助情態動詞構成附加疑問部分。如： This bridge can be built next year，can't it？這座橋明年能建成，是嗎？ This book shouldn't be taken out of the library，should it？這本書不應被帶出圖書館，是嗎？ （四）否定句 在情態動詞後面加上not或never即可，但must表「必要」時否定式為needn't。如： This work needn't be done at once．這項工作沒必要立即做。 This stbin shouldn't be put here．這個垃圾箱不應放在這兒。 三、含情態動詞的被動語態的一般疑問句的回答 含情態動詞的被動語態的一般疑問句的回答應保留原情態動詞，但must表「必須」時，其否定回答應用needn't，need表「必要」時，其肯定回答應用must。如： —Should my exercises be finished today？我的作業應在今天完成嗎？ —Yes，they should．是的，應在今天完成。 （No，they shouldn't．不，不應在今天完成。） —Must his exercise book be handed in at once？他的練習本必須立即上交嗎？ —Yes，it must．是的，必須立即上交。 （No，it needn't．不，不必立即上交。） —Need he be operated on at once？他必須立即手術嗎？ —Yes，he must．是的，他必須。 （No，he needn't．不，他不必。）
不用被動語態的情況
1) 不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態（即多數的瞬間動詞）： appear, die(死亡),disappear（消失）, end (vi. 結束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place. After the fire, very little remained of my house.
有些動詞可以帶雙賓語
在用於被動結構時，主動結構中的間接賓語變為主語時，直接賓語仍然保留在謂語後面；直接賓語變為主語時，間接賓語前通常加上介詞for/to ★He was asked a number of questions at the press conference.在記者招待會上人們問了他很多問題 ★They are taught a lot of things in the kindergartens.他們在幼兒園被教給很多東西。 ★A new MP4 was given to him as birthday present/gift.作為生日禮物他收到了一個新MP4。
Get+過去分詞構成的被動語態
Get＋過去分詞也可以構成被動語態，用這種結構的句子側重於動作的結果而不是動作本身。如： The man got hurt on his way home. 那個男人在回家的路上受傷了。 How did the glass get broken? 杯子怎麼破了？ 著名學者周海中教授在論文《Get-Passive研究》中指出：Get+過去分詞的被動語態是一種新興的被動語態形式；相對來說它的使用還沒有Be+過去分詞構成的被動語態那麼廣泛，一般限於口語和非正式書面語；但它卻有著用得愈來愈多的趨勢，是一種生氣蓬勃的語言現象。
特別提醒
有些動詞後跟不帶to的不定式作賓語補足語，但改為被動結構後要加上「to」。例如 We heard him sing in his room just now. ---He was heard to sing in his room just now. 剛才聽到他在房間中唱歌。

❺ 英漢被動句對比研究的研究方法是什麼

.

❻ 被動語態用法及應用

被動語態的用法

一 概念：當句子的主語是動作的執行時，謂語的形式叫主動語態；
當句子的主語是動作的承受者時，謂語的形式叫做被動語態。

二 構成「助動詞be+過去分詞」主動詞be有時態、人稱和數的變化，也可以構成否定或疑問句。
不同時態的被動語態例句
The Great Wall is known all over the world.
This city was liberated in 1948.
The matter will be discussed tomorrow.
The question is being discussed at present.
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.
The bridge has been built this month
The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema
He said the book would be returned as soon as he finished it.

三、 用法：
1 需要強調動作的承受者;
2 只知道動作的承受者，不知道誰是動作的執行者；
3 論述科技內容的文體需要強調客觀性和科學性。

四、不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結束), fail, happen, last, lie，remain, sit, spread, stand。
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place。
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。
(錯) The price has been risen.
(對) The price has risen.
(錯) The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
(錯) The price has raised.
(對) The price has been raised.
(錯) Please seat.
(對) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動語態，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學習過程中多留意積累。

五、 不能用於被動語態的及物動詞或動詞短語：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.

六、 系動詞無被動語態：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
1） It sounds good.
2）The steel feels cold
3) The method proved (to be ) effective.

七、 帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用於被動語態：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.

八、當賓語是不定式時，很少用於被動語態。
(對) She likes to swim.
(錯) To swim is liked by her.

九、「be+過去分詞」並不一定都是被動語態，有時是系表結構。當「be+過去分詞」表示動作時為被動語態，be是助動詞，be後面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當「be +過去分詞」表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構，be是連系動詞。be後面的過去分詞是表語，相當於形容詞。其區分辦法如下：
1．如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。例如:The glass is brok． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表結構）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被動語態）
2．如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。如：The magazine is published in Shanghai．這家雜志出版於上海。（被動語態）
The door is locked． 門鎖著。（系表結構）
The door has already/just been locked．門已經/剛剛被鎖上。（被動語態）
The shop is opened．這家商店開門了。（系表結構）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．這家商店每天上午八點開門。（被動語態
3．被動語態除用於一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用於其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。
所以下列句子都是被動語態：
The machine is being repaired． 機器正在修。
A new school will be built here． 這里將要建一所新學校。

十、用某些不及物動詞表示被動意義，如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。這類動詞既能作及物動詞，也能作不及物動詞。作不及物動詞時，形式上雖為主動，卻表示被動意義。例如：
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
His novel sells well.他的小說暢銷。
The car drove easily.這車很容易開。
Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的筆寫起來很滑。
在上述句子中，主語通常指物，起動作承受者的作用，也可以說是不及物動詞的邏輯賓語。但是有時也有用人稱主語的。例如：
The girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。
比較：The girl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片沒拍好。

十一、某些感覺動詞的主動態表示被動意義。例如：
This shirt feels much softer than that one.
這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多
That book smells old.那本書有一股霉味。
These oranges taste nice.這些橙子味道很好。
以上這些動詞都不能用進行時表示。若用進行時，則表示主動含義。
比較：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞油漆的氣味。

十二、動詞get,come,go之後接過去分詞，表示被動意義。get的這種用法局限於口語和非正式的書面語言，更強調動作的結果而非動作本身，並常用來表示突發性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。例如： After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地無私地幹了好幾年，終於得到提升。
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
由於節日交通阻塞，他們被耽誤了。
The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松開了。
The woman」s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。

十三、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中，動名詞(doing)相當於動詞不定式的被動式(to be done)，在意思上沒有多大差別。例如：
The garden needs watering.�The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水。
The problem requires studying with great care.�The problem requires to be studied with great care.這個問題需要仔細研究。
These jobs want doing at once.�These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。
用法相似的結構還有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,習慣不用動詞不定式。如： That won」t bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。
The little girl can」t stand criticizing.小女孩經不起批評。
The food is not worth eating.這種飯菜不值一吃。
It」s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
很值得花一番功夫去學會怎麼做這事。
值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用動名詞的主動式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用動詞不定式的被動式，兩者不可混淆。

十四、在某些性質形容詞＋動詞不定式的句型中，其動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。（difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerous）例如：
The question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。
That book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂。
在這種句型結構中，動詞不定式和主語的關系實際上是一種邏輯上的動賓關系，可以說是動詞不定式作主語變換來的，相當於It」s easy to answer the question.和It」s difficult to understand that book.由於把動詞賓語放在主語位置，所以和不定式的關系構成一種被動關系。
7、有些動詞不定式不論用主動形式還是被動形式，動詞不定式和主語的關系都是被動的。例如：
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.
這個事故，誰也不能責怪。
The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。
There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀。
Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車出租。

被動語態的應用
應用到各種時態和句型,如下：
① 一般式（一般現在，一般過去，一般將來）：am, is, are, was, were, is going to be , will be+done . ie. Once environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the system to recover. 本句的意思是：「環境一旦遭到破壞，需要多年時間才能恢復過來。」do作為及物動詞有「引起，產生」的含義，do damage的意思是「造成破壞」。主語damage是及物動詞do的動作對象，謂語應當用被動語態。同樣的，還有，I will mend the machine.相當於The machine will be mended （by me）.
②進行時（現在進行、過去進行、將來進行）：be+being+P.P. ie.The classroom is being cleaned.
③ 完成時（現在完成、過去完成、將來完成）：have/has been + P.P.：例如The machine will have been repaired by 3 o』clock this afternoon.再如：My homework has been finished.
④ 其他時態 以此類推，可得到結果。
⑤ 情態動詞的被動語態：主語 + 情態動詞 + be動詞 + 動詞過去分詞，例如Your teeth must be brushed.
⑥ 不定式的被動語態：to be done例：The no-shows have to be considered when deciding the rate of overbooking.（確定超過接待能力的預定時必須考慮預定了房間卻來不了的客人。）

被動語態的用法
1. 一般現在時的被動語態構成：is / am / are + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard. Knives are used for cutting things.
2. 一般過去時的被動語態構成：was / were + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago.
3. 現在完成時的被動語態構成：has / have + been + 及物動詞的過去分詞 This book has been translated into many languages. Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries.
4. 一般將來時的被動語態構成：will+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year.
5. 含有情態動詞的被動語態構成：情態動詞+ be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow.
6. 現在進行時的被動語態構成：am / is / are + being + 及物動詞的過去分詞 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them.
7. 不定式的被動語態：to + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted.
8.過去完成時的被動語態：would + be + 及物動詞的過去分詞 He said he would finish the work soon. He said the work would be finished soon by him.

❼ 初中被動語態講解

TENSE 主動語態 被動語態
一般現在時 be\V\Vs am\is\are+Vpp
一般將來時 will+V will be +Vpp
現在進行時 am\is\are+Ving am\is\are+being+Vpp
一般過去時 ①was\were②Ved was\were+Vpp
一般完成時 have\has+Vpp have\has+been+Vpp
過去完成時 had+Vpp had+been+Vpp
過去進行時 was\were+Ving was\were+being+Vpp
情態動詞 can+V can+be+V

被動語態（一般現在時）
主動語態變被動語態時，主動語態句中的賓語變成被動語態句中的主語，主動語態句中的主語成為被動語態句中的動作的發出者。
被動語態的口訣：
一般現、過用be +V.過去分詞，be有人稱、時、數變。
完成時態have(has) done，被動將been加中間。
一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done。
將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing,
現在完成進行同，have (has) been doing。
現、過進行be doing, 被動be加being done。
情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。
否定助後加not，疑問一助置主前。
主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前。
一般情助加be done，雙賓多將間賓變。
復合賓語賓變主，賓補、主補相應變。
1.一般現在時 is\am\are+P.P(過去分詞)
2.一般過去時 was\were+P.P
3.一般將來時 will be+P.P
4.現在進行時 is\am\are+being(固定不變)+P.P
5.過去進行時 was\were+being(固定不變)+P.P
6.現在完成時 have\has been+P.P
7.過去完成時 had been+P.P

語法結構

1.if結構（非真實條件句——表示的是假設的或實際可能性不大的情況）
與..事實相反 If從句 主句
過去 Had done Would* have done
現在 Were/did Would* do
將來 Should do/were/were to do Would* do
"一干二聽三讓四看半幫助」要加to
例句：If there hadn』t been much rain in spring, we would have had a good harvest now. [過去]
If he smoked less, his cough might be well soon. [現在]
If the lecturer should be late, you would have to make a speech first. [將來]

備注

（1）上表中'*'，would都可轉換為should、could、might。
（2) 如果為時間錯綜句的話，左右兩欄可互相搭配，排列組合。
例句：
He would still be alive today if he hadn』t taken that drug.
[與現在事實相反] [與過去事實相反]
(3) if可轉換為其他形式
例句：Without your advice, our meeting wouldn』t have been so successfully. [過去]
（=>可轉換為：If there hadn』t been your advice, we …）
Your notes are almost illegible (難以辨認的). Notes typed out would be a lot easier to read. [將來]
(=> 可轉換為：If the notes had been typed out, it would be a lot easier to read.)
I should have gone to see Dr. Smith and he might have cured me of the disease.[過去]
(=> 可轉換為：If he have gone to see Dr. Smith, he ..)
2、wish結構
與..事實相反
過去 Had done
現在 Were/did
將來 Would
備註：可轉換為其他形式。
例句：He talks as if (好像) he had done all the work himself. [過去]
I wish I were a bird.
I wish he handn' done that.
I wish I would be rich in the future.
3、should結構
從句中用「should + 動詞原形」構成。而且should可以省去。用於此結構的動詞有：advise, direct, agree, ask, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, suggest,intend等。
例句：The teacher suggest he (should) read English aloud.
注意：當insist表示「堅持認為」、suggest表示「表明，顯示」時，不用虛擬語氣。
例句：The look on his face suggested that he was quite satisfied with what I had done for him.
He insisted that he was honest.
4、would rather ＋從句
在這種結構中，從句的謂語動詞用過去形式表示虛擬。
例句：I would rather you did this instead of me.
5、主語從句中的虛擬語氣
1）It be + 形容詞 + that ．．．（should）．．．
用於該句型的形容詞是：necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny,
strange, surprising ．
一些名詞也可以用於 在該結構中。如：a pity， no wonder．．．．
2）It be + 過去分詞 + that ．．．（should）．．．．
用於該結構中的過去分詞是表示「建議、請求、命令」等詞的過去分詞。如：desired， suggested， requested，
ordered， proposed等。
3）It is time（about time， high time）that ．．．（過去式動詞形式或should＋動詞原形）．．．．
It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home now.
6、表語從句、同位語從句中的虛擬語氣
在suggestion， proposal， order， plan， idea， advice， decision等需要有內涵的名詞後面的表語從句、同
位語從句中，要使用虛擬語氣。其謂語動詞應用：should＋原形動詞。另外連接從句的that不能省
略。
例：My suggestion is that we should go there at once.
What do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?
第二句"be有人稱、時、數變"即be有人稱、時態和單、復數的變化。"情助"是指情態動詞和助動詞must，may，can，shall，will等一律隨新主語(多是主動句中的賓語)來變化。"疑問一助置主前"是說有兩個助動詞的話，應把主語放在第一助動詞之後或把第一助動詞置於主語之前。下面詳細舉例說明之。
一般現、過用be done, be有人稱、時、數變
例：1、主動：The children gave the foreign guests a warm welcome.
被動：The foreign guests were given a warm welcome by the children.
孩子們熱烈地歡迎外賓。
2、主動：People regard him as brilliant.
被動：He is regarded as brilliant by people.
人們認為他很有才華。
以上兩例都是一般時態用be done的例子，be有人稱、時、數變，第三人稱foreign friends是復數，時態一般過去時，所以"be done"就是were given，而People regard him as brilliant一句，被動後的"be done"就變成單數第三人稱is regarded的形式了。
被動：
This speech was delivered by comrade Wang. (was delivered即一般過去時的被動態)
這篇講演是王的發言。
There was a serious train accident near the border. Two people were killed and twelve were injured.
邊境發生非常嚴重列車事故，兩人死亡，十二人受傷。
A person who is truly honest is called a straight arrow. 直言不諱的人才是真正誠實的人。
A note was passed up to the speaker. 有人給講演者遞上來一張紙條。
John was elected president of the class instead of Harry. 喬治被選為班長而代替了亨利。
Volcanoes are described as active, dormant or extinct. 火山被描述為活的，沉睡著的，或者死的。
The soldier was killed, but the train was saved. 這位戰士犧牲了，然而列車得救了。
He was thought to be clever but dishonest. 他被認為很聰明但不誠實。（別人認為他很聰明但不誠實）
The first zoological garden in the United States was established in 1874. 美國的第一個動物園是1874年建立的。
The information is urgently needed. 急需這個資料。
完成時態have done，被動將been加中間。
(過去完成時had done也包括在內)。
例：1、主動：We have studied English for 3 years off and on at the spare-time school.
被動：English has been studied for 3 years by us off and on at the spare-time school. (have隨新主語變為has)
我們已經在夜校里斷斷續續地學了三年英語了。
2、主動: They had proced 100 tractors by the end of last year.
被動: 100 tractors had been proced by the end of last year.
到去年年底我們已生產出一百台拖拉機。
3、主動：They have set up a power station in their home town.
被動：A power station has been set up in their home town.
他們的家鄉建立了一座發電站。
4、主動：They have warned us to be careful of rats.
被動：We have been warned to be careful of rats.
他們已提醒我們要注意老鼠。
5、主動：People have piled plastic bags full of rubbish in streets.
被動: Plastic bags full of rubbish have been piled in streets.
人們把裝滿垃圾的塑料袋子堆放在街上。
6、主動：We have used nuclear energy to proce electricity.
被動：Nuclear energy has been used to proce electricity.
核能已用來發電。 7、主動：No one has ever beaten him at tennis.
被動：He has never been beaten at tennis. 就網球來說還沒有人是他的對手。 (No one涉及到全否定和部分否定問題，見否定一講)
主動: Somebody had cleaned my shoes.
被動: My shoes had been cleaned by somebody.
有人早已把我的鞋子擦了。
When I returned I found that they had towed (toud) my car away, I asked why they had done this and they told me that id was because I had parked it under a "No Parking Sign".
被動：my car had been towed away. I asked why this had been done and told that ... it had been parked under a "No Parking Sign".
當我回來時，發現我的車被弄走了。我問他們為什麼這么干。他們告訴我說因為我把車於停在"禁止停車"的禁區。
主動：They had build three ships by last December. 被動： By last December three ships had been built by them. 到去年年底他們已建造了三艘船。 Research had been centred on the improvement of natural building materials before synthetics were created. 合成材料造出之前，研究工作集中在改進天然建築材料上。
He did not say if all those steel pipes had been examined.
他並沒有說那些鋼管都檢驗過沒有。
After plastic had been created, engineers were given a much wide choice of materials.
塑料發明之後，工程師們在材料選擇上有了更廣闊的途徑。
一般將來shall (will) do，被動變do為be done
即由shall do或will do變為shall done或will be done。
例：主動: We shall build several big modern power plants in our city next year. 被動：Several big modern power plants will be built in our city next year.
過年我市將建立幾座大型現代化的發電廠。
(shall do中的shall要隨新主語變為will, do為be done.)
主動：I shall send my second boy to school next September.
被動：My second boy will be sent to school next September. 過年九月我將送我次子去讀書。 主動：In order to fool people cheaps and swindlers will make such bricks out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold. 被動：Such bricks will be made out of lead covering the "lead brick" with gold by cheaps and swindlers. "鉛磚"外面被設法騙錢的商人和騙子們鍍上一層金來做這樣的"金磚"。
主動：They will ask you a lot of strange questions.
被動: You will be asked a lot of strange questions.他們將問你許多怪題。
被動句中的by引出的賓語，一般說來，如果是人稱代詞你、我、他等，均可省略，someone no one不由by來引出。如果是名詞不能省略，但當今英語也都可省略了。
主動：The Chinese people will make more space explorations in the future.
被動：More space explorations will be made in the future by the Chinese people. 中國人民在將來將進行更多的空間探索。
同樣
Will more gas be needed? 需要更多的煤氣嗎?
但如果是一般過去將來時如何處理呢？請記下面口訣：
一般過去將來時，過去某時將發生。
主動should (would) do，被動be done代原形。
將來進行無被動，現在完成進行同。
主動：A few days ago we were still not quite sure whether we should carry out the new plan ahead of time. 被動：...whether the new plan would be carriedout ahead of time. 幾天前，我們還不能肯定能否提前執行新的計劃。
主動：I did not say that we would change the equipment. 被動：I did not say that the equipment would be changed. 我並沒說過，我們將換掉那台設備。

將來進行無被動，shall (will) be doing,
現在完成進行同．have (has) been doing,
即將來進行時表示動作在將來某一時刻或某個階段正在進行'現在完成進行時表示某-行為發生在過去．延續到現在，可能還要延續下去。兩種時態則不用被動語態。
例；We hope your comany will soon be sending an engineer over to check this equipment. (將來進行時) 我們希望貴公司早些派一名工程師來檢查這台設備。
In a ffew minutes our passenger plane will be flying in the stratosphere. (將來進行時) 幾分鍾後我們的客機將在同溫層中飛行。

現、過進行be doing，被動be加being done
即現在進行時或過去進行時都是be的人稱、時和數的形式加doing。而被動態則是be加上being done的形式，being是不變的。現在進行時和過去進行時的被動態是被動態個的重點，容易搞錯。 情、助、有、是妥安排，一律隨新主語變。
帶情態動詞和助動詞等的被動態如何處理比較復雜。要隨新的主語來變化，這些詞如can, could；will, would; shall, should; may, might; must; ought to; need需要；have to不得不；be going to; to be to; used to; seem to; happen to等。例如： 主動: We must keep this in mind. 被動：This must be kept in mind.
我們必須把這個記在心裡。
主動：We can put the refrigerator in that place. (refrigerator=freezer.) 被動：The refrigerator can be put in that place. 我們可以把電冰箱放在那個地方。
主動：We shall not use the washing machine again.
被動：The washing machine will not be used again.
我們不能再用那台洗衣機了。 原來的謂語shall use被動態中隨新主語變為will．
主動: We shall take more measures to prevent corrosion.
被動: More measures will be taken to prevent corrosion. (shall變will)
我們將採取更多的措施來防止腐蝕。
再如： 主動：We shall have to adopt a different attitude. 被動：A different attitude will have to be adopted. 我們將不得不採取另一種態度.
主動：You are to leave the bag here. 被動: The bag is to be left here. (are to隨新主語變為is to) 你應把包裹放在這兒。
主動：They used to start these engines by hand. 被動：These engines used to be started by hand. 過去他們用手啟動馬達。
主動: We are going to paint the wall green. 被動：The all is going to be painted green. 我們打算把牆刷成綠色。 主動：You needn't type this letter. 被動：This letter need not be typed. (ought to, need是不變助動詞) 你不必把這封信打字。
主動：You should have taken those books back to the library.
被動：Those books should have been taken back to the library.
你本該把這些書帶回圖書館去。 主動：They may have left it in the sun. 被動：It may have been left in the sun. 他們可能已把它放在陽光下了。
may加不定式的完成體或完成進行體表示"可能"，主要用於肯定句，決不能用於疑問句。而can與不定式的完成體或完成進行體連用表示"可能"，只用於否定句和疑問句，不用於肯定句。但如果can或may的過去式即could與might與不定式完成體或完成進行體搭配時，可用於各種結構。肯，否，陳，疑均可。
It can't have been lost in the post, can it?
它不可能在郵局丟失的吧：(反意疑問句)
否定助後加not，疑問一助置主前
在否定句的被動態中，否定副詞not-定加在第一助動詞之後，不放在別的助動詞之後。同樣在疑問句的被動態中，第一助動詞置於主語之前。
例：Why has(一助) not anything been(二助) done to end the strike?
not必須放在第一助動詞has之後，第-助動詞has必須放在主語anything之前。決不可寫成: why has fot been anything done to end the strike?或why has been not anything done to end the strike? 為什麼不採取些措施來結束罷工呢? The exercises will not be done in class. 不可寫成：The exercise will be not done in class. 我們將不在課堂上作練習。 Why had he been imprisoned? 他為何入獄的?
主語恰是疑問詞，直陳語序主在前 凡主語恰好是一個疑問詞或由疑問詞來修飾主語時，後面要用陳述語序。
What measures(主語) are being taken to develop this new science? (主語為疑問詞what所修飾)
正在採取什麼措施來發展這門新科學?
What kind of device(主語) is needed to make the control system simple? (主語為疑問詞所修飾) 需要什麼裝置來使控制系統簡化? what has been done to improve the techniques? 採取了什麼措施來改進這些技術的? (what恰是句子的主語) 應指出的是有的學生把We study diligently和She could see herself clearly in the mirror.都硬行變成被動了, 殊不知不及物動詞通常是沒有被動態的。關於不及物動詞．反身代詞動詞，同源賓語動詞．系詞．感官使役動詞，短語動詞的被動態。
主動句變為被動句所遵循的4個步驟：
1.把原主動句中的賓語變為被動句的主語
2.把動詞變為被動形式即be +過去分詞，並注意其人稱和數隨主語的變化，而動詞的時態則保持不變。3.原主動句的主語如需要則放在by後面以它 的賓格形式出現（注代詞的賓格），如不需要則可省略。 4.其它的成分（定語、狀語）不變。 不用被動語態的情況

❽ 被動語態的使用及拓展

一 概念：當句子的主語是動作的執行時，謂語的形式叫主動語態；當句子的主語是動作的承受者時，謂語的形式叫做被動語態。
二 構成「助動詞be+過去分詞」主動詞be有時態、人稱和數的變化，也可以構成否定或疑問句。
不同時態的被動語態例句
The Great Wall is known all over the world.
This city was liberated in 1948.
The matter will be discussed tomorrow.
The question is being discussed at present.
The boy was being operated on when his parents hurried to the hospital.
The bridge has been built this month
The tickets had been sold out before I came to the cinema
He said the book would be returned as soon as he finished it.
三、 用法：
1 需要強調動作的承受者; 2 只知道動作的承受者，不知道誰是動作的執行者；
3 論述科技內容的文體需要強調客觀性和科學性。
四、不及物動詞或動詞短語無被動語態：
appear, die disappear, end (vi. 結束), fail, happen, last, lie, remain, sit, spread, stand
break out, come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place.
After the fire, very little remained of my house.
比較： rise, fall, happen是不及物動詞；raise, seat是及物動詞。
(錯) The price has been risen.
(對) The price has risen.
(錯) The accident was happened last week.
(對) The accident happened last week.
(錯) The price has raised.
(對) The price has been raised.
(錯) Please seat.
(對) Please be seated.
要想正確地使用被動語態，就須注意哪些動詞是及物的，哪些是不及物的。特別是一詞多義的動詞往往有兩種用法。解決這一問題唯有在學習過程中多留意積累。
五、 不能用於被動語態的及物動詞或動詞短語：
fit, have, hold, marry, own, wish, cost, notice, watch agree with, arrive at / in, shake hands with, succeed in, suffer from, happen to, take part in, walk into, belong to
This key just fits the lock.
Your story agrees with what had already been heard.
六、 系動詞無被動語態：
appear, be become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn
1） It sounds good. 2）The steel feels cold
3) The method proved (to be ) effective.

七、 帶同源賓語的及物動詞，反身代詞，相互代詞，不能用於被動語態：
die, death, dream, live, life
She dreamed a bad dream last night.
八、當賓語是不定式時，很少用於被動語態。
(對) She likes to swim.
(錯) To swim is liked by her.
九、「be+過去分詞」並不一定都是被動語態，有時是系表結構。當「be+過去分詞」表示動作時為被動語態，be是助動詞，be後面的過去分詞是主要動詞，動作的對象是主語；當「be +過去分詞」表示主語所處的狀態時為系表結構，be是連系動詞。be後面的過去分詞是表語，相當於形容詞。其區分辦法如下：
1．如果強調動作或句中有介詞by引導出動作的執行者，該句一般為被動語態，否則為系表結構。例如:
:
The glass is brok． 玻璃杯碎了。（系表結構）
The glass was broken by the boy．玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被動語態）
2．如果句中有地點、頻率或時間狀語時，一般為被動語態。如：
The magazine is published in Shanghai．這家雜志出版於上海。（被動語態）
The door is locked． 門鎖著。（系表結構）
The door has already/just been locked．門已經/剛剛被鎖上。（被動語態）
The shop is opened．這家商店開門了。（系表結構）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday．這家商店每天上午八點開門。（被動語態
3．被動語態除用於一般時態和完成時態外，還可以用於其他各種時態，而系表結構中的系動詞be只有一般時態和完成時態。
所以下列句子都是被動語態：
The machine is being repaired． 機器正在修。
A new school will be built here． 這里將要建一所新學校。
十、用某些不及物動詞表示被動意義，如carry,cut,drive,iron,keep,lock,open,pick,read,sell,shut,tear,wash,wear,write等等。這類動詞既能作及物動詞，也能作不及物動詞。作不及物動詞時，形式上雖為主動，卻表示被動意義。例如：
Meat cuts easily.肉容易切。
His novel sells well.他的小說暢銷。
The car drove easily.這車很容易開。
Your pen writes quite smoothly.你的筆寫起來很滑。
在上述句子中，主語通常指物，起動作承受者的作用，也可以說是不及物動詞的邏輯賓語。但是有時也有用人稱主語的。例如：
The girl does not photograph well.這女孩不上像。
比較：The girl has not been photographed well.這女孩的照片沒拍好。
十一、某些感覺動詞的主動態表示被動意義。例如：
This shirt feels much softer than that one.
這件襯衫比那件襯衫摸起來柔軟得多
That book smells old.那本書有一股霉味。
These oranges taste nice.這些橙子味道很好。
以上這些動詞都不能用進行時表示。若用進行時，則表示主動含義。
比較：The child is smelling the paint.小孩正在聞油漆的氣味。
十二、動詞get,come,go之後接過去分詞，表示被動意義。get的這種用法局限於口語和非正式的書面語言，更強調動作的結果而非動作本身，並常用來表示突發性的、出乎意料的偶然事件。而come和go常接含否定意義的過去分詞。例如：
After working selflessly in here for several years, Mr Li got promoted at last.李先生在此地無私地幹了好幾年，終於得到提升。
They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.
由於節日交通阻塞，他們被耽誤了。
The buttons on my coat came undone.我上衣的扣子松開了。
The woman」s complaints went unnoticed.那位女士的投訴無人理睬。
十三、在need(want,require,deserve,etc.)doing句型中，動名詞(doing)相當於動詞不定式的被動式(to be done)，在意思上沒有多大差別。例如：
The garden needs watering.The garden needs to be watered.花園需要澆水。 The problem requires studying with great care.
The problem requires to be studied with great care.這個問題需要仔細研究。
These jobs want doing at once.
These jobs want to be done at once.這些工作需要馬上就做。
用法相似的結構還有bear doing, stand doing, be worth doing,習慣不用動詞不定式。如： That won」t bear thinking of.那是不堪想像的。
The little girl can」t stand criticizing.小女孩經不起批評。
The food is not worth eating.這種飯菜不值一吃。
It」s well worth making the effort to learn how to do it.
很值得花一番功夫去學會怎麼做這事。
值得注意的是，在be worth doing句型中，只能用動名詞的主動式，而在be worthy to be done中，才能用動詞不定式的被動式，兩者不可混淆。
十四、在某些性質形容詞＋動詞不定式的句型中，其動詞不定式的主動形式表示被動意義。（difficult, easy, hard, comfortable, pleasant, fit, unfit, light , heavy, good, safe, dangerous）例如：
The question is easy to answer.這問題容易回答。
That book is difficult to understand.那本書難懂。
在這種句型結構中，動詞不定式和主語的關系實際上是一種邏輯上的動賓關系，可以說是動詞不定式作主語變換來的，相當於It」s easy to answer the question.和It」s difficult to understand that book.由於把動詞賓語放在主語位置，所以和不定式的關系構成一種被動關系。
7、有些動詞不定式不論用主動形式還是被動形式，動詞不定式和主語的關系都是被動的。例如：
Nobody was to blame (to be blamed) for the accident.
這個事故，誰也不能責怪。
The house is to let (to be let).這房子出租。
There are a lot of books to read (to be read).有許多書要讀。
Those cars are to rent (to be rented).那些汽車出租。